Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which characteristic of DRAM explains why its stored information must be periodically refreshed while power is supplied?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A typical DRAM cell stores information as electrical charge in a capacitor-based cell.
• That charge gradually leaks, so the memory controller must periodically refresh the stored information.
• SRAM uses a different circuit structure and does not require the same periodic refresh while power remains supplied.
• That charge gradually leaks, so the memory controller must periodically refresh the stored information.
• SRAM uses a different circuit structure and does not require the same periodic refresh while power remains supplied.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which statement most accurately describes ROM in a computer system?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• ROM and related non-volatile firmware-storage technologies retain information when power is removed.
• Such storage can contain firmware required during system initialization and hardware control.
• Volatile RAM instead loses its working contents when power is removed.
• Such storage can contain firmware required during system initialization and hardware control.
• Volatile RAM instead loses its working contents when power is removed.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Why is SRAM commonly preferred over DRAM for high-speed processor cache even though DRAM is widely used for main memory?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• SRAM provides very fast access and does not require periodic refresh in the manner of DRAM.
• Its circuitry requires more transistors per stored bit, making it less dense and generally more expensive per bit.
• These characteristics make SRAM suitable for relatively small high-speed caches and DRAM suitable for larger-capacity main memory.
• Its circuitry requires more transistors per stored bit, making it less dense and generally more expensive per bit.
• These characteristics make SRAM suitable for relatively small high-speed caches and DRAM suitable for larger-capacity main memory.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A cache has a hit time of 3 ns and a hit rate of 90%. A miss adds an additional 50 ns penalty. Using AMAT = hit time + miss rate × miss penalty, what is the average memory access time?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The miss rate is 1 - 0.90 = 0.10.
• The average additional miss penalty is 0.10 × 50 ns = 5 ns.
• Therefore AMAT = 3 ns + 5 ns = 8 ns.
• The average additional miss penalty is 0.10 × 50 ns = 5 ns.
• Therefore AMAT = 3 ns + 5 ns = 8 ns.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Two identical 4 TB drives are configured as a conventional RAID 1 mirrored pair. Ignoring formatting and metadata overhead, how much usable data capacity is available?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• RAID 1 mirrors the stored data so that the same information is maintained on both drives.
• With two 4 TB drives, one drive's worth of capacity is available for unique data while the other holds the mirror.
• The resulting usable capacity is therefore approximately 4 TB before filesystem and other overhead.
• With two 4 TB drives, one drive's worth of capacity is available for unique data while the other holds the mirror.
• The resulting usable capacity is therefore approximately 4 TB before filesystem and other overhead.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Four identical 2 TB drives are configured as RAID 5. Ignoring formatting and metadata overhead, which combination correctly states the approximate usable capacity and basic single-drive fault tolerance?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• RAID 5 distributes data and parity across its member drives and requires at least three drives.
• Approximate usable capacity is (N - 1) × smallest-drive capacity, so (4 - 1) × 2 TB = 6 TB.
• RAID 5 can normally continue operating after one member drive fails because the missing information can be reconstructed using the remaining data and parity.
• Approximate usable capacity is (N - 1) × smallest-drive capacity, so (4 - 1) × 2 TB = 6 TB.
• RAID 5 can normally continue operating after one member drive fails because the missing information can be reconstructed using the remaining data and parity.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which statement about RAID 0 is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• RAID 0 distributes or stripes data across multiple drives to improve I/O performance and aggregate capacity.
• It stores no mirror or parity information for fault recovery.
• Consequently, failure of one member drive can destroy access to data distributed across the RAID 0 array.
• It stores no mirror or parity information for fault recovery.
• Consequently, failure of one member drive can destroy access to data distributed across the RAID 0 array.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
A virtual-memory system spends most of its time repeatedly moving pages between RAM and secondary storage because the active processes collectively require more resident pages than physical memory can efficiently hold. What is this condition called?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Thrashing occurs when excessive paging leaves the system spending more time servicing page faults than performing useful computation.
• It can arise when active working sets do not fit adequately in available physical memory.
• Spooling and bootstrapping describe different operating-system activities.
• It can arise when active working sets do not fit adequately in available physical memory.
• Spooling and bootstrapping describe different operating-system activities.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
In DOS, which command lists all files with the .TXT extension in the current directory and its subdirectories?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DIR displays directory contents and can use wildcard patterns such as *.TXT.
• The /S switch extends the search into subdirectories below the specified directory.
• Therefore DIR *.TXT /S lists matching text files in the current directory and its subdirectories.
• The /S switch extends the search into subdirectories below the specified directory.
• Therefore DIR *.TXT /S lists matching text files in the current directory and its subdirectories.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
A normal local file was deleted in Windows and is still present in the Recycle Bin. What does the Restore command normally do?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Recycle Bin temporarily retains eligible deleted local items so that they can be recovered.
• Choosing Restore normally returns the selected item to its original location.
• Permanently deleting the item from the Recycle Bin removes this ordinary recovery path.
• Choosing Restore normally returns the selected item to its original location.
• Permanently deleting the item from the Recycle Bin removes this ordinary recovery path.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
A database transaction successfully commits an update. Immediately afterward, the database server crashes and restarts. Which ACID property requires the committed update to persist?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Durability means the effects of a successfully committed transaction persist even after subsequent system failure.
• Database recovery mechanisms and stable storage are used to preserve committed changes.
• Atomicity concerns all-or-nothing execution, while isolation concerns interaction between concurrent transactions.
• Database recovery mechanisms and stable storage are used to preserve committed changes.
• Atomicity concerns all-or-nothing execution, while isolation concerns interaction between concurrent transactions.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Transaction T1 is modifying a record but has not yet committed. Transaction T2 should not observe T1's temporary intermediate state as though it were a completed transaction. Which ACID property addresses this requirement most directly?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Isolation governs how concurrently executing transactions interact with one another.
• Conceptually, intermediate states of an unfinished transaction should not be exposed as though they were completed results of that transaction.
• Durability concerns committed data surviving failures, whereas atomicity concerns completing all transaction operations or none.
• Conceptually, intermediate states of an unfinished transaction should not be exposed as though they were completed results of that transaction.
• Durability concerns committed data surviving failures, whereas atomicity concerns completing all transaction operations or none.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
A database user has made several changes during the current transaction but has not committed them. Which SQL transaction-control command is intended to cancel the current uncommitted transaction changes?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• ROLLBACK cancels the changes made by the current transaction that have not been permanently committed.
• COMMIT performs the opposite purpose by completing the transaction and making its changes durable according to the DBMS implementation.
• GRANT manages privileges and SELECT retrieves data.
• COMMIT performs the opposite purpose by completing the transaction and making its changes durable according to the DBMS implementation.
• GRANT manages privileges and SELECT retrieves data.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
In Excel, cell D2 contains the formula =$B2+C$1. It is copied to cell E5. What will the copied formula become?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• $B2 has an absolute column B and a relative row, so moving three rows down changes it to $B5.
• C$1 has a relative column and absolute row 1, so moving one column right changes it to D$1.
• The resulting copied formula is therefore =$B5+D$1.
• C$1 has a relative column and absolute row 1, so moving one column right changes it to D$1.
• The resulting copied formula is therefore =$B5+D$1.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Cell F4 contains the Excel formula =C$2*$D4. The formula is copied to H6. What formula will appear in H6?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The formula is moved two columns right and two rows down.
• C$2 therefore becomes E$2 because its column is relative and its row is absolute, while $D4 becomes $D6 because its column is absolute and its row is relative.
• The copied formula is =E$2*$D6.
• C$2 therefore becomes E$2 because its column is relative and its row is absolute, while $D4 becomes $D6 because its column is absolute and its row is relative.
• The copied formula is =E$2*$D6.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
In Excel, B2 contains a theory mark and C2 contains a practical mark. A student should be shown as "Pass" only if BOTH marks are at least 40. Which formula correctly implements the rule?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• AND(B2>=40,C2>=40) is TRUE only when both individual conditions are satisfied.
• IF returns Pass when that combined condition is TRUE and Fail otherwise.
• Testing only the combined total could incorrectly pass a student whose one component is below 40.
• IF returns Pass when that combined condition is TRUE and Fail otherwise.
• Testing only the combined total could incorrectly pass a student whose one component is below 40.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
In Excel, column B contains District, column C contains Score and column D contains Amount. Which formula sums Amount only for rows where District is "Hyderabad" AND Score is at least 100?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• SUMIFS adds values in a sum range when multiple corresponding criteria are satisfied.
• D2:D20 is the sum range, while B2:B20="Hyderabad" and C2:C20>=100 are the two criteria.
• Therefore =SUMIFS(D2:D20,B2:B20,"Hyderabad",C2:C20,">=100") correctly implements the requirement.
• D2:D20 is the sum range, while B2:B20="Hyderabad" and C2:C20>=100 are the two criteria.
• Therefore =SUMIFS(D2:D20,B2:B20,"Hyderabad",C2:C20,">=100") correctly implements the requirement.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which Excel function is specifically intended to count the number of blank cells in a specified range?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• COUNTBLANK counts blank cells within a specified range.
• COUNT counts numeric entries, while COUNTA counts non-empty cells.
• Therefore COUNTBLANK is the function specifically designed for the stated requirement.
• COUNT counts numeric entries, while COUNTA counts non-empty cells.
• Therefore COUNTBLANK is the function specifically designed for the stated requirement.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
An Excel tax rate is stored in cell F1 and every copied formula must continue referring to that exact cell regardless of where the formula is filled. Which reference should be used for the tax-rate cell?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• $F$1 is an absolute reference because both the column and row are fixed.
• Copying or filling a formula does not change an absolute reference.
• F$1 and $F1 are mixed references in which only one component is fixed.
• Copying or filling a formula does not change an absolute reference.
• F$1 and $F1 are mixed references in which only one component is fixed.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Several people are reviewing a Word document. The author wants insertions and deletions to be visibly recorded so that they can later be individually accepted or rejected. Which Word feature should be enabled?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Track Changes records edits such as insertions, deletions and many formatting changes made during review.
• The document owner can later inspect the revisions and accept or reject them.
• Mail Merge and AutoCorrect solve different document-processing tasks.
• The document owner can later inspect the revisions and accept or reject them.
• Mail Merge and AutoCorrect solve different document-processing tasks.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A PowerPoint slide contains six animated objects. The author wants to examine and reorder the sequence in which the animation effects occur. Which feature is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Animation Pane displays the animation effects assigned to objects on the current slide.
• It allows the author to examine their order and adjust sequencing and timing-related settings.
• Notes Master and Handout Master control printed or presenter-support layouts rather than animation sequencing.
• It allows the author to examine their order and adjust sequencing and timing-related settings.
• Notes Master and Handout Master control printed or presenter-support layouts rather than animation sequencing.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
An Access form displays one Customer record at a time. The designer wants the same form to show all Incident records related to the currently displayed customer. Which Access feature is most suitable?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A subform can display records from a related table or query inside a main Access form.
• Link Master Fields and Link Child Fields can synchronize the subform with the current record displayed by the main form.
• This is well suited to one-to-many displays such as one customer and that customer's multiple incidents.
• Link Master Fields and Link Child Fields can synchronize the subform with the current record displayed by the main form.
• This is well suited to one-to-many displays such as one customer and that customer's multiple incidents.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Sensitive evidence data is encrypted before being stored on a removable drive. Which practice most directly preserves the confidentiality benefit of that encryption if the drive is stolen?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Encryption protects confidentiality only while unauthorized parties lack the required decryption capability.
• If the usable decryption key is stored openly with the ciphertext, theft of the storage medium may expose both the protected data and the means to decrypt it.
• Proper key protection is therefore fundamental to effective encrypted-data security.
• If the usable decryption key is stored openly with the ciphertext, theft of the storage medium may expose both the protected data and the means to decrypt it.
• Proper key protection is therefore fundamental to effective encrypted-data security.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A remote employee establishes an encrypted VPN connection to the organization's network from a laptop that was already infected with malware. Which statement is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A VPN protects communication between defined VPN endpoints but does not automatically disinfect those endpoints.
• Malware already present on a remote computer can remain active after the VPN connection is established.
• Endpoint antivirus, patching, access control and other security measures remain necessary.
• Malware already present on a remote computer can remain active after the VPN connection is established.
• Endpoint antivirus, patching, access control and other security measures remain necessary.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
An organization configures a remote-access VPN so that every network connection from the remote laptop, including ordinary Internet browsing, is sent through the organization's VPN gateway. What is this configuration called?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Full tunneling routes the remote endpoint's network traffic through the organizational VPN tunnel according to the configured policy.
• This permits organizational network-security controls to process traffic that would otherwise leave directly through the user's local network.
• Split tunneling instead allows selected traffic to use another route outside the organizational VPN.
• This permits organizational network-security controls to process traffic that would otherwise leave directly through the user's local network.
• Split tunneling instead allows selected traffic to use another route outside the organizational VPN.
వివరణ:
Question 26
ప్రశ్న 26
A remote officer needs access to protected organizational systems. The organization requires identity verification, encrypts the remote communication path, and restricts permitted network connections according to security policy. Which mapping is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Authentication verifies the identity claimed by the remote user.
• VPN and encryption mechanisms can protect communication across an untrusted network.
• Firewall rules separately enforce network-traffic policy, demonstrating that these controls provide complementary security functions.
• VPN and encryption mechanisms can protect communication across an untrusted network.
• Firewall rules separately enforce network-traffic policy, demonstrating that these controls provide complementary security functions.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. A DRAM cell stores a bit using electrical charge that gradually leaks away. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: D. It is non-volatile memory that can hold information such as firmware needed even when power has been removed. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. SRAM generally provides lower access latency but costs more per bit and has lower density than DRAM. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. 8 ns సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: C. 4 TB సమాధానం: C.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. 6 TB usable; the array can tolerate failure of one drive సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: D. It stripes data for performance but provides no RAID-level redundancy, so one member-drive failure can make the array's data unavailable. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: A. Thrashing సమాధానం: A.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: C. DIR *.TXT /S సమాధానం: C.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. Returns the item to the location from which it was deleted సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. Durability సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: B. Isolation సమాధానం: B.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: C. ROLLBACK సమాధానం: C.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. =$B5+D$1 సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. =E$2*$D6 సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. =IF(AND(B2>=40,C2>=40),"Pass","Fail") సమాధానం: D.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: C. =SUMIFS(D2:D20,B2:B20,"Hyderabad",C2:C20,">=100") సమాధానం: C.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. COUNTBLANK సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: B. $F$1 సమాధానం: B.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Mail Merge సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. Animation Pane సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. Subform linked to the main form సమాధానం: D.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: C. Protect the decryption key from unauthorized access and avoid storing it openly with the ciphertext. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: B. The VPN can protect network communication but does not by itself make a compromised endpoint trustworthy or malware-free. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. Full tunneling సమాధానం: D.
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Question 26 ప్రశ్న 26Answer: A. Authentication verifies identity; VPN/encryption protects the communication path; firewall rules control permitted network traffic. సమాధానం: A.