Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which of the following best describes secondary memory in a computer system?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Secondary memory is primarily intended for long-term storage of programs and data.
• It is non-volatile, so stored information remains available after normal power is removed.
• Hard disks, SSDs, optical media and magnetic tapes are examples of secondary-storage technologies.
• It is non-volatile, so stored information remains available after normal power is removed.
• Hard disks, SSDs, optical media and magnetic tapes are examples of secondary-storage technologies.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In a conventional magnetic hard disk drive, information is primarily stored on:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A conventional HDD contains one or more rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
• Binary information is represented through magnetic states on these platter surfaces.
• Read/write heads are used to access the magnetically recorded information.
• Binary information is represented through magnetic states on these platter surfaces.
• Read/write heads are used to access the magnetically recorded information.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
On the surface of a magnetic hard-disk platter, concentric circular paths used to organize recorded information are called:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A hard-disk platter surface is logically organized into concentric circular tracks.
• Tracks are further divided into smaller addressable regions known as sectors.
• Registers and ports belong to other parts of a computer system.
• Tracks are further divided into smaller addressable regions known as sectors.
• Registers and ports belong to other parts of a computer system.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A track on a magnetic disk is normally divided into smaller storage units called:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Each track is divided into sectors that hold blocks of stored information.
• Tracks provide circular organization, while sectors subdivide those tracks into smaller units.
• Platters and spindles are physical components of the drive rather than subdivisions of a track.
• Tracks provide circular organization, while sectors subdivide those tracks into smaller units.
• Platters and spindles are physical components of the drive rather than subdivisions of a track.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
What is the primary function of the read/write head in a magnetic hard disk?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The read/write head interacts with the magnetic surface of the platter to retrieve or record information.
• During a read operation it senses recorded magnetic patterns, while during a write operation it changes magnetic states.
• Platter rotation is performed by the spindle motor rather than the read/write head.
• During a read operation it senses recorded magnetic patterns, while during a write operation it changes magnetic states.
• Platter rotation is performed by the spindle motor rather than the read/write head.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which hard-disk component is primarily responsible for rotating the platters during normal operation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The spindle motor rotates the hard-disk platters at the specified rotational speed.
• The actuator mechanism moves the read/write heads across the platter surfaces.
• Both movements are important in determining mechanical HDD access performance.
• The actuator mechanism moves the read/write heads across the platter surfaces.
• Both movements are important in determining mechanical HDD access performance.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
In a magnetic hard disk, 'seek time' refers primarily to the time required to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Seek time is the time required for the actuator to position the read/write head over the required track.
• It is one of the important mechanical delays involved in HDD access.
• Waiting for the desired sector to rotate under the head is rotational latency, not seek time.
• It is one of the important mechanical delays involved in HDD access.
• Waiting for the desired sector to rotate under the head is rotational latency, not seek time.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
After the read/write head reaches the correct track, it may still have to wait for the required sector to rotate beneath it. This delay is called:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Rotational latency is the waiting time for the desired sector to rotate into position beneath the read/write head.
• It is distinct from seek time, which involves moving the head to the correct track.
• Both delays contribute to the access time of a conventional mechanical hard disk.
• It is distinct from seek time, which involves moving the head to the correct track.
• Both delays contribute to the access time of a conventional mechanical hard disk.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which two mechanical factors are major contributors to the time required to locate data on a conventional hard disk before transfer begins?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The head must first be positioned over the correct track, producing seek delay.
• The platter must then rotate until the required sector reaches the head, producing rotational latency.
• These mechanical delays distinguish HDD access from purely semiconductor-based memory access.
• The platter must then rotate until the required sector reaches the head, producing rotational latency.
• These mechanical delays distinguish HDD access from purely semiconductor-based memory access.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Assuming otherwise similar hard disks, which statement is generally correct when comparing a 7200 RPM HDD with a 5400 RPM HDD?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• RPM specifies how many revolutions the disk platters make per minute.
• A higher rotational speed reduces the average waiting time for a required sector to rotate beneath the read/write head.
• RPM does not by itself determine storage capacity or volatility.
• A higher rotational speed reduces the average waiting time for a required sector to rotate beneath the read/write head.
• RPM does not by itself determine storage capacity or volatility.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Using the convention 1 TB = 1024 GB, a 2 TB storage device has a capacity of:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The question explicitly defines 1 TB as 1024 GB.
• Therefore 2 TB = 2 × 1024 GB = 2048 GB.
• The value 2000 GB would use a decimal conversion rather than the convention stated in the question.
• Therefore 2 TB = 2 × 1024 GB = 2048 GB.
• The value 2000 GB would use a decimal conversion rather than the convention stated in the question.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Using 1 GB = 1024 MB, what is the capacity of a 750 GB hard disk when expressed in megabytes?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Under the stated convention, 750 GB × 1024 MB per GB = 768,000 MB.
• The conversion requires multiplication because megabytes are a smaller unit than gigabytes.
• Therefore the exact value under the given assumption is 768,000 MB.
• The conversion requires multiplication because megabytes are a smaller unit than gigabytes.
• Therefore the exact value under the given assumption is 768,000 MB.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Using 1 GB = 1024 MB, 4096 MB of storage is equal to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Convert megabytes to gigabytes by dividing by 1024.
• 4096 MB ÷ 1024 MB per GB = 4 GB.
• Therefore 4096 MB represents exactly 4 GB under the stated convention.
• 4096 MB ÷ 1024 MB per GB = 4 GB.
• Therefore 4096 MB represents exactly 4 GB under the stated convention.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which statement correctly distinguishes a conventional hard disk from magnetic tape with respect to data access?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hard disks allow the read/write mechanism to move directly toward the region containing required data.
• Magnetic tape is fundamentally sequential, so locating information may require moving through preceding portions of the medium.
• Both technologies are non-volatile.
• Magnetic tape is fundamentally sequential, so locating information may require moving through preceding portions of the medium.
• Both technologies are non-volatile.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Why can severe file fragmentation reduce performance on a conventional magnetic hard disk?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A fragmented file may have its blocks stored in separated physical or logical regions of the disk.
• Mechanical HDDs may therefore require additional head movement and rotational positioning to retrieve those blocks.
• The effect relates to mechanical access overhead rather than a change in disk volatility or rotational speed.
• Mechanical HDDs may therefore require additional head movement and rotational positioning to retrieve those blocks.
• The effect relates to mechanical access overhead rather than a change in disk volatility or rotational speed.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
A computer is switched off completely, but files previously saved on its hard disk remain available when the computer is restarted. Which storage characteristic explains this?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Magnetic hard disks retain recorded information when normal electrical power is removed.
• They are therefore classified as non-volatile storage.
• This property makes secondary storage appropriate for long-term retention of programs and user files.
• They are therefore classified as non-volatile storage.
• This property makes secondary storage appropriate for long-term retention of programs and user files.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
A disk diagnostic utility repeatedly reports that a particular physical area of a hard disk cannot reliably store or retrieve data. Such an unusable area is commonly referred to as a:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A bad sector is a disk sector that cannot reliably store or return data.
• Disk-management systems may identify such regions and prevent their normal future use where possible.
• Repeated growth in bad sectors can be an indication of deteriorating storage hardware.
• Disk-management systems may identify such regions and prevent their normal future use where possible.
• Repeated growth in bad sectors can be an indication of deteriorating storage hardware.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which magnetic-storage medium is particularly suitable for large-volume backup and archival applications where sequential access is acceptable?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Magnetic tape can provide high-capacity and economical storage for backup and archival workloads.
• Its sequential-access nature makes it less suitable when rapid random access to individual files is continuously required.
• Registers, cache and DRAM are volatile working-memory technologies rather than archival media.
• Its sequential-access nature makes it less suitable when rapid random access to individual files is continuously required.
• Registers, cache and DRAM are volatile working-memory technologies rather than archival media.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
What is the main purpose of a cache or buffer incorporated into a hard-disk drive or its storage path?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A drive buffer temporarily holds data during transfer operations and can help bridge differences in transfer behaviour between the storage mechanism and host system.
• It is much smaller than the drive's main storage capacity and does not replace the platters.
• Mechanical rotation is performed by the spindle motor.
• It is much smaller than the drive's main storage capacity and does not replace the platters.
• Mechanical rotation is performed by the spindle motor.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Consider the following statements about secondary and magnetic storage:
1. Hard disks are non-volatile.
2. Seek time is associated with positioning the read/write head over the required track.
3. Rotational latency is the waiting time for the required sector to rotate under the head.
4. Magnetic tape normally provides faster direct random access than a hard disk.
Which statements are correct?
1. Hard disks are non-volatile.
2. Seek time is associated with positioning the read/write head over the required track.
3. Rotational latency is the waiting time for the required sector to rotate under the head.
4. Magnetic tape normally provides faster direct random access than a hard disk.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statements 1, 2 and 3 correctly describe HDD non-volatility and its two major mechanical access delays.
• Magnetic tape is primarily sequential-access storage and does not normally provide faster direct random access than a hard disk.
• Therefore Statement 4 is incorrect.
• Magnetic tape is primarily sequential-access storage and does not normally provide faster direct random access than a hard disk.
• Therefore Statement 4 is incorrect.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: D. It provides relatively large-capacity non-volatile storage for programs and data. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. Magnetically coated rotating platters సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. Tracks సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. Sectors సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. To read magnetic information from and write magnetic information to the platter surface సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: D. Spindle motor సమాధానం: D.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Move the read/write head to the required track. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: A. Rotational latency సమాధానం: A.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. Seek time and rotational latency సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: C. The 7200 RPM drive generally has lower average rotational latency. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: B. 2048 GB సమాధానం: B.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. 768,000 MB సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: C. 4 GB సమాధానం: C.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: A. A hard disk supports direct access to stored regions, whereas magnetic tape is primarily sequential-access storage. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. Different parts of a file may be scattered across the disk, requiring additional head movement and access operations. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: B. Non-volatility సమాధానం: B.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. Bad sector సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: D. Magnetic tape సమాధానం: D.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. To temporarily hold data and help smooth transfers between the storage mechanism and the rest of the computer సమాధానం: A.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. 1, 2, 3 and 4 సమాధానం: C.