Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which characteristic of DRAM makes periodic refresh necessary during normal operation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A DRAM cell represents information using electrical charge that gradually leaks away with time.
• The memory controller therefore refreshes DRAM cells periodically to preserve their stored states while power is available.
• Refresh is a hardware-level memory-maintenance operation and does not depend on the operating system rewriting every location.
• The memory controller therefore refreshes DRAM cells periodically to preserve their stored states while power is available.
• Refresh is a hardware-level memory-maintenance operation and does not depend on the operating system rewriting every location.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which statement about DRAM refresh is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Refresh restores the electrical charge in DRAM cells before leakage causes loss of stored information.
• It occurs repeatedly while DRAM is powered and in use.
• Refresh does not make DRAM non-volatile or increase its capacity.
• It occurs repeatedly while DRAM is powered and in use.
• Refresh does not make DRAM non-volatile or increase its capacity.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Assertion (A): DRAM is generally suitable for providing large-capacity main memory in personal computers.
Reason (R): DRAM cells can be implemented with relatively simple storage structures, providing high density and comparatively low cost per bit.
Choose the correct answer.
Reason (R): DRAM cells can be implemented with relatively simple storage structures, providing high density and comparatively low cost per bit.
Choose the correct answer.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DRAM is widely used for main memory because large capacities can be economically implemented.
• Its relatively simple cell structure allows high memory density compared with SRAM.
• Therefore both statements are true and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• Its relatively simple cell structure allows high memory density compared with SRAM.
• Therefore both statements are true and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A memory module is described as 'SDRAM'. What is the significance of the word 'Synchronous'?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Synchronous DRAM coordinates its operations with a clock signal.
• This allows memory commands and transfers to occur according to defined clock timing.
• The term synchronous does not mean non-volatile or sequential-only access.
• This allows memory commands and transfers to occur according to defined clock timing.
• The term synchronous does not mean non-volatile or sequential-only access.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
A DRAM memory array is commonly organized conceptually as a collection of:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DRAM cells are commonly arranged in a matrix of rows and columns.
• Address information is used to select the required location within this organized array.
• Files, folders, tracks and sectors are storage-system concepts rather than the basic organization of a DRAM cell array.
• Address information is used to select the required location within this organized array.
• Files, folders, tracks and sectors are storage-system concepts rather than the basic organization of a DRAM cell array.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which of the following best describes memory access time?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Memory access time measures the delay between initiating a memory request and obtaining the required information.
• Lower access time generally indicates faster memory response.
• Capacity and module count describe different characteristics of a memory system.
• Lower access time generally indicates faster memory response.
• Capacity and module count describe different characteristics of a memory system.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which statement correctly compares DRAM and SRAM with respect to refresh?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DRAM stores information as charge that must be restored periodically.
• SRAM maintains its state using bistable circuitry and therefore does not require periodic DRAM-style refresh.
• Both are nevertheless volatile and require electrical power to preserve stored information.
• SRAM maintains its state using bistable circuitry and therefore does not require periodic DRAM-style refresh.
• Both are nevertheless volatile and require electrical power to preserve stored information.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
A computer's memory controller temporarily performs refresh operations on DRAM. What is the primary effect of these operations?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DRAM refresh occupies memory-system resources for short periods because cells must be periodically restored.
• During refresh activity, normal memory access may be temporarily delayed depending on the design.
• Refresh therefore introduces some overhead while preserving data integrity.
• During refresh activity, normal memory access may be temporarily delayed depending on the design.
• Refresh therefore introduces some overhead while preserving data integrity.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which of the following statements about DRAM is correct?
1. It is volatile.
2. It requires periodic refresh.
3. It generally provides greater density than SRAM.
4. It is commonly used for system main memory.
1. It is volatile.
2. It requires periodic refresh.
3. It generally provides greater density than SRAM.
4. It is commonly used for system main memory.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DRAM loses its contents when normal power is removed and is therefore volatile.
• Its cells require refresh because stored charge leaks over time.
• Its high density and comparatively low cost make it suitable for system main memory, so all four statements are correct.
• Its cells require refresh because stored charge leaks over time.
• Its high density and comparatively low cost make it suitable for system main memory, so all four statements are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
In a DRAM organization, the terms RAS and CAS are historically associated with selection of:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• RAS stands for Row Address Strobe and CAS for Column Address Strobe in conventional DRAM terminology.
• They relate to selecting row and column address information within a DRAM array.
• They are not operating-system permissions or disk-storage addressing terms.
• They relate to selecting row and column address information within a DRAM array.
• They are not operating-system permissions or disk-storage addressing terms.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Why can DRAM provide greater storage density than SRAM for a comparable chip area?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A DRAM cell can be implemented with a relatively simple capacitor-and-access-transistor structure.
• SRAM typically requires several transistors for each stored bit.
• This difference allows more DRAM cells to be packed into a comparable silicon area.
• SRAM typically requires several transistors for each stored bit.
• This difference allows more DRAM cells to be packed into a comparable silicon area.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
A system's DRAM refresh circuitry completely stops functioning while power remains supplied. Which result is most likely after sufficient time?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DRAM cells cannot preserve their charge indefinitely without refresh.
• If refresh stops, leakage progressively changes the stored electrical states.
• Consequently, the information in memory eventually becomes corrupted or lost.
• If refresh stops, leakage progressively changes the stored electrical states.
• Consequently, the information in memory eventually becomes corrupted or lost.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Which statement best explains the meaning of DRAM being 'volatile'?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Volatile memory depends on electrical power to maintain stored information.
• DRAM therefore loses its contents when normal power is removed.
• Volatility is different from refresh: refresh is required even while DRAM remains powered.
• DRAM therefore loses its contents when normal power is removed.
• Volatility is different from refresh: refresh is required even while DRAM remains powered.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
A memory specification lists a lower access time than another otherwise comparable memory. What does the lower value generally indicate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Access time is a measure of memory response delay.
• A lower access time means the requested information can generally be made available sooner.
• It does not by itself determine capacity, volatility or physical form factor.
• A lower access time means the requested information can generally be made available sooner.
• It does not by itself determine capacity, volatility or physical form factor.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Which of the following is NOT a normal characteristic of DRAM?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DRAM is volatile, so its contents are lost when electrical power is removed.
• High density and relatively low cost make it appropriate for main memory.
• Periodic refresh is one of its defining operating requirements.
• High density and relatively low cost make it appropriate for main memory.
• Periodic refresh is one of its defining operating requirements.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Match List I with List II:
List I
(a) DRAM refresh
(b) Access time
(c) Memory capacity
(d) Volatility
List II
1. Amount of information that can be stored
2. Loss of stored information when power is removed
3. Restoration of charge in memory cells
4. Delay associated with obtaining requested data
Choose the correct matching code.
List I
(a) DRAM refresh
(b) Access time
(c) Memory capacity
(d) Volatility
List II
1. Amount of information that can be stored
2. Loss of stored information when power is removed
3. Restoration of charge in memory cells
4. Delay associated with obtaining requested data
Choose the correct matching code.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Refresh restores charge in DRAM cells, giving (a)-3.
• Access time describes the delay in obtaining data, giving (b)-4.
• Capacity measures how much information can be stored, while volatility describes loss of data without power, giving (c)-1 and (d)-2.
• Access time describes the delay in obtaining data, giving (b)-4.
• Capacity measures how much information can be stored, while volatility describes loss of data without power, giving (c)-1 and (d)-2.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which statement about DDR SDRAM is most appropriate at the basic memory-system level?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• DDR means Double Data Rate and describes synchronous DRAM capable of transferring data on both rising and falling clock edges.
• DDR SDRAM belongs to the DRAM family and is widely used for system main memory.
• It is not ROM or SRAM cache.
• DDR SDRAM belongs to the DRAM family and is widely used for system main memory.
• It is not ROM or SRAM cache.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
A memory system transfers data in blocks consisting of several bytes at a time rather than treating every bit as an independent external operation. This primarily illustrates which memory concept?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Memory organization includes how individual cells are grouped into addressable words or data units and how many bits are transferred together.
• A memory device is therefore described not only by total capacity but also by its organization and data width.
• This concept is distinct from volatility and secondary-storage sectoring.
• A memory device is therefore described not only by total capacity but also by its organization and data width.
• This concept is distinct from volatility and secondary-storage sectoring.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
A DRAM module contains substantially more memory capacity than a processor's cache, but its access time is greater. Which memory-system principle does this illustrate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Main memory emphasizes economical large capacity, while processor cache emphasizes very low access time.
• DRAM's density and lower cost per bit make large capacities practical, though it is slower than SRAM-based cache.
• This is an example of the speed-capacity-cost trade-off in the memory hierarchy.
• DRAM's density and lower cost per bit make large capacities practical, though it is slower than SRAM-based cache.
• This is an example of the speed-capacity-cost trade-off in the memory hierarchy.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Consider the following statements:
1. DRAM refresh is necessary because stored charge leaks with time.
2. DRAM is generally slower than SRAM.
3. DRAM is commonly used for large-capacity main memory.
4. Successful refresh makes DRAM retain its data permanently after power is removed.
Which statements are correct?
1. DRAM refresh is necessary because stored charge leaks with time.
2. DRAM is generally slower than SRAM.
3. DRAM is commonly used for large-capacity main memory.
4. Successful refresh makes DRAM retain its data permanently after power is removed.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statements 1, 2 and 3 correctly describe the fundamental behaviour and application of DRAM.
• Refresh maintains stored information only while the memory remains powered.
• It does not make DRAM non-volatile, so Statement 4 is incorrect.
• Refresh maintains stored information only while the memory remains powered.
• It does not make DRAM non-volatile, so Statement 4 is incorrect.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: C. Electrical charge stored in a DRAM cell gradually leaks away. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: A. Refresh restores the charge representing stored bits before the information becomes unreliable. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: D. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: B. Memory operations are coordinated with a system or memory clock. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. Rows and columns of memory cells సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. The time required to obtain requested data from a memory location after an access is initiated. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: D. DRAM requires periodic refresh, whereas SRAM does not require DRAM-style refresh while power is supplied. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. They consume some memory-system time that could otherwise be available for normal memory accesses. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: C. 1, 2, 3 and 4 సమాధానం: C.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. Read and write permissions సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. DRAM does not require electronic circuitry. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. Stored information becomes unreliable because cell charges decay. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. Its stored data is lost when the required electrical power is removed. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. The memory can respond to an access request more quickly. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. No loss of stored information when power is removed సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. (a)-3, (b)-4, (c)-1, (d)-2 సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: D. It is another name for processor SRAM cache. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. Permanent firmware storage సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. Larger-capacity main memory generally trades some speed for greater density and lower cost. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3 only సమాధానం: B.