Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
What does pragmatics primarily study?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Pragmatics studies how speakers and hearers interpret meaning in relation to context.
• It examines intended meaning, shared knowledge, social relations and situational factors.
• Phonetics studies speech production, while morphology studies word structure.
• Historical linguistics investigates language change over time.
• It examines intended meaning, shared knowledge, social relations and situational factors.
• Phonetics studies speech production, while morphology studies word structure.
• Historical linguistics investigates language change over time.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which type of context includes the physical setting, time and place of an utterance?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Situational context includes the physical circumstances in which an utterance occurs.
• It may involve location, time, participants and objects present in the environment.
• Such information helps interpret expressions like here, now and that book.
• Morphological, phonological and etymological contexts concern other levels of linguistic analysis.
• It may involve location, time, participants and objects present in the environment.
• Such information helps interpret expressions like here, now and that book.
• Morphological, phonological and etymological contexts concern other levels of linguistic analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
The interpretation of words such as I, here and now depends on:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Deixis concerns expressions whose interpretation depends on the context of utterance.
• I refers to the speaker, here to a contextually determined place and now to the relevant time.
• These expressions cannot be fully interpreted without identifying the deictic centre.
• Their meanings are therefore context-dependent rather than purely lexical.
• I refers to the speaker, here to a contextually determined place and now to the relevant time.
• These expressions cannot be fully interpreted without identifying the deictic centre.
• Their meanings are therefore context-dependent rather than purely lexical.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which expression is an example of person deixis?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• You is a person-deictic expression because its referent depends on who is being addressed.
• Person deixis organizes participants around roles such as speaker, addressee and others.
• Tomorrow and this morning are temporal expressions, while over there is spatial.
• Pronouns are central devices for marking person deixis.
• Person deixis organizes participants around roles such as speaker, addressee and others.
• Tomorrow and this morning are temporal expressions, while over there is spatial.
• Pronouns are central devices for marking person deixis.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which sentence contains spatial deixis?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• There is a spatial-deictic expression whose reference depends on the speaker's location or gesture.
• Spatial deixis locates entities relative to a deictic centre.
• Yesterday and tomorrow are temporal-deictic expressions.
• I, her, you and me are person-deictic expressions.
• Spatial deixis locates entities relative to a deictic centre.
• Yesterday and tomorrow are temporal-deictic expressions.
• I, her, you and me are person-deictic expressions.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
What is a presupposition?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A presupposition is information assumed to be true or accepted when an utterance is made.
• The sentence Ravi stopped smoking presupposes that Ravi had previously smoked.
• Presuppositions often survive under negation, questioning and other transformations.
• They differ from explicitly asserted content.
• The sentence Ravi stopped smoking presupposes that Ravi had previously smoked.
• Presuppositions often survive under negation, questioning and other transformations.
• They differ from explicitly asserted content.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
The sentence Meera's brother arrived presupposes that:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The possessive noun phrase Meera's brother presupposes the existence of a brother related to Meera.
• The sentence asserts that this person arrived.
• It does not necessarily imply that Meera arrived, that she has several brothers or that the arrival was expected.
• Definite and possessive expressions commonly trigger existential presuppositions.
• The sentence asserts that this person arrived.
• It does not necessarily imply that Meera arrived, that she has several brothers or that the arrival was expected.
• Definite and possessive expressions commonly trigger existential presuppositions.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which concept refers to meaning suggested by a speaker but not explicitly stated?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Implicature is meaning communicated indirectly and inferred from context and conversational expectations.
• A speaker may imply more than the literal semantic content of an utterance.
• Conversational implicatures often arise through the cooperative principle and its maxims.
• They are generally cancellable, unlike logical entailments.
• A speaker may imply more than the literal semantic content of an utterance.
• Conversational implicatures often arise through the cooperative principle and its maxims.
• They are generally cancellable, unlike logical entailments.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
A student asks Did I pass? and the teacher replies You received forty-nine marks. If fifty is the pass mark, the reply conversationally implicates that:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Given the shared knowledge that fifty is required, forty-nine implies failure.
• The teacher does not explicitly state that the student failed, but the conclusion is contextually recoverable.
• This is a conversational implicature based on relevance and shared background knowledge.
• The other interpretations are not supported by the stated context.
• The teacher does not explicitly state that the student failed, but the conclusion is contextually recoverable.
• This is a conversational implicature based on relevance and shared background knowledge.
• The other interpretations are not supported by the stated context.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which feature commonly distinguishes conversational implicature from entailment?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Conversational implicatures are generally cancellable because speakers can withdraw them without contradicting the literal statement.
• For example, Some students passed may implicate that not all passed, but the speaker can add in fact, all of them did.
• Entailments cannot be cancelled while preserving the truth of the original proposition.
• Cancellability is therefore an important diagnostic of implicature.
• For example, Some students passed may implicate that not all passed, but the speaker can add in fact, all of them did.
• Entailments cannot be cancelled while preserving the truth of the original proposition.
• Cancellability is therefore an important diagnostic of implicature.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
In speech-act theory, the locutionary act is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A locutionary act is the act of uttering a meaningful expression with a particular sense and reference.
• It concerns what is literally said at the linguistic level.
• The illocutionary act concerns what action is performed in saying it, such as promising or warning.
• The perlocutionary act concerns the resulting effect on the hearer.
• It concerns what is literally said at the linguistic level.
• The illocutionary act concerns what action is performed in saying it, such as promising or warning.
• The perlocutionary act concerns the resulting effect on the hearer.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
The illocutionary force of an utterance concerns:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Illocutionary force identifies the act performed in producing an utterance.
• Such acts include asserting, requesting, ordering, apologizing, promising and warning.
• The same sentence form may have different illocutionary forces in different contexts.
• Illocution is therefore central to the pragmatic interpretation of speaker intention.
• Such acts include asserting, requesting, ordering, apologizing, promising and warning.
• The same sentence form may have different illocutionary forces in different contexts.
• Illocution is therefore central to the pragmatic interpretation of speaker intention.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
If a warning causes a listener to leave a dangerous place, the listener's departure is the:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A perlocutionary effect is the consequence an utterance produces in a hearer's feelings, beliefs or actions.
• The warning is the illocutionary act, while the meaningful utterance itself is the locutionary act.
• The listener's departure is the outcome caused by the warning.
• Perlocutionary effects are not always fully under the speaker's control.
• The warning is the illocutionary act, while the meaningful utterance itself is the locutionary act.
• The listener's departure is the outcome caused by the warning.
• Perlocutionary effects are not always fully under the speaker's control.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which utterance most clearly performs a directive speech act?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A directive attempts to get the hearer to perform an action.
• Please submit the form today functions as a request or instruction.
• I apologize is an expressive, while The office opens at nine is an assertion.
• I promise is a commissive because it commits the speaker to a future act.
• Please submit the form today functions as a request or instruction.
• I apologize is an expressive, while The office opens at nine is an assertion.
• I promise is a commissive because it commits the speaker to a future act.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Which of the following statements about speech acts are correct? 1. A promise is a commissive. 2. An apology is an expressive. 3. A request is a directive. 4. A declaration can change an institutional state of affairs when uttered under appropriate conditions.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because a promise commits the speaker to a future action.
• Statement 2 is correct because an apology expresses the speaker's psychological attitude.
• Statement 3 is correct because a request attempts to influence the hearer's action.
• Statement 4 is correct because declarations such as pronouncing a couple married can alter institutional reality under valid conditions.
• Therefore, all four statements are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because an apology expresses the speaker's psychological attitude.
• Statement 3 is correct because a request attempts to influence the hearer's action.
• Statement 4 is correct because declarations such as pronouncing a couple married can alter institutional reality under valid conditions.
• Therefore, all four statements are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Assertion: The utterance It is cold in here may function as an indirect request to close a window. Reason: Pragmatic interpretation can depend on context and shared assumptions rather than literal sentence meaning alone.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because the utterance may indirectly request an action in an appropriate context.
• The Reason is correct because hearers use situational context and shared knowledge to infer intended force.
• This context-dependent reasoning explains how a declarative sentence can function as a directive.
• Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because hearers use situational context and shared knowledge to infer intended force.
• This context-dependent reasoning explains how a declarative sentence can function as a directive.
• Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Grice's cooperative principle proposes that conversational participants should:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The cooperative principle asks participants to make contributions suited to the purpose and direction of the conversation.
• It does not require literalness, simplicity or agreement.
• Speakers may deliberately flout a maxim while still remaining cooperative at a deeper level.
• Hearers use this assumption to infer conversational implicatures.
• It does not require literalness, simplicity or agreement.
• Speakers may deliberately flout a maxim while still remaining cooperative at a deeper level.
• Hearers use this assumption to infer conversational implicatures.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which conversational maxim requires speakers to provide an appropriate amount of information?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Maxim of Quantity requires a contribution to be as informative as needed but not more informative than required.
• The Maxim of Quality concerns truthfulness and adequate evidence.
• The Maxim of Relation concerns relevance.
• The Maxim of Manner concerns clarity, orderliness and avoidance of obscurity or unnecessary ambiguity.
• The Maxim of Quality concerns truthfulness and adequate evidence.
• The Maxim of Relation concerns relevance.
• The Maxim of Manner concerns clarity, orderliness and avoidance of obscurity or unnecessary ambiguity.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
A speaker knowingly gives false information without adequate evidence. Which maxim is most directly violated?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Maxim of Quality directs speakers not to say what they believe to be false or lack evidence for.
• Knowingly providing false information violates this expectation.
• Quantity concerns informativeness, Relation concerns relevance and Manner concerns clarity.
• Apparent violations of Quality may also generate implicatures in irony and metaphor.
• Knowingly providing false information violates this expectation.
• Quantity concerns informativeness, Relation concerns relevance and Manner concerns clarity.
• Apparent violations of Quality may also generate implicatures in irony and metaphor.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which response most clearly violates the Maxim of Relation? Question: Where is the library? Response:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The weather is pleasant today is unrelated to the request for the library's location.
• It therefore violates or fails to observe the Maxim of Relation.
• The second and third responses provide relevant directions.
• I do not know is also relevant because it directly addresses the speaker's inability to answer.
• It therefore violates or fails to observe the Maxim of Relation.
• The second and third responses provide relevant directions.
• I do not know is also relevant because it directly addresses the speaker's inability to answer.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which response most clearly flouts the Maxim of Manner by being unnecessarily obscure?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The second response expresses a simple idea in an unnecessarily obscure and cumbersome form.
• The Maxim of Manner encourages clarity, brevity and orderliness.
• The other options are comparatively direct and comprehensible.
• A maxim is flouted when its apparent breach invites the hearer to infer an additional meaning.
• The Maxim of Manner encourages clarity, brevity and orderliness.
• The other options are comparatively direct and comprehensible.
• A maxim is flouted when its apparent breach invites the hearer to infer an additional meaning.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
In politeness theory, face refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Face is the public self-image that participants seek to maintain during interaction.
• Politeness theory commonly distinguishes positive face and negative face.
• Positive face concerns approval and belonging, while negative face concerns freedom from imposition.
• Face is therefore a social-pragmatic concept rather than a grammatical or spatial one.
• Politeness theory commonly distinguishes positive face and negative face.
• Positive face concerns approval and belonging, while negative face concerns freedom from imposition.
• Face is therefore a social-pragmatic concept rather than a grammatical or spatial one.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
A speaker says Could you possibly lend me your notes for a moment? Which politeness strategy is most evident?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The request is softened by the modal could, the adverb possibly and the limiting phrase for a moment.
• These devices reduce the apparent force of the imposition.
• Negative politeness respects the hearer's desire for autonomy and freedom from constraint.
• The utterance still performs a request but does so indirectly and deferentially.
• These devices reduce the apparent force of the imposition.
• Negative politeness respects the hearer's desire for autonomy and freedom from constraint.
• The utterance still performs a request but does so indirectly and deferentially.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Match List I with List II. List I: 1. Person deixis 2. Presupposition 3. Illocutionary act 4. Perlocutionary act. List II: a. The effect of an utterance on a hearer b. Background assumption taken for granted c. The communicative action performed in speaking d. Reference to speaker, addressee or other participants.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Person deixis matches d because it identifies participants relative to the speech situation.
• Presupposition matches b because it is background information treated as given.
• Illocutionary act matches c because it is the communicative action performed through an utterance.
• Perlocutionary act matches a because it concerns the effect produced on the hearer.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a.
• Presupposition matches b because it is background information treated as given.
• Illocutionary act matches c because it is the communicative action performed through an utterance.
• Perlocutionary act matches a because it concerns the effect produced on the hearer.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which option gives the most accurate pragmatic analysis of the utterance Some of the candidates passed?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The literal meaning states that at least some candidates passed.
• Under ordinary conversational assumptions, the use of some may implicate that not all passed.
• This scalar implicature is cancellable, as in Some candidates passed; in fact, all of them did.
• It is therefore an implicature rather than an entailment or presupposition.
• Under ordinary conversational assumptions, the use of some may implicate that not all passed.
• This scalar implicature is cancellable, as in Some candidates passed; in fact, all of them did.
• It is therefore an implicature rather than an entailment or presupposition.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. How context contributes to the interpretation of meaning సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. Situational context సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. Deixis సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. You సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. Put the bag there సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. Background information treated as already accepted or taken for granted సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Meera has a brother సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Implicature సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. The student did not pass సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Implicature can often be cancelled without contradiction సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. The act of producing a meaningful linguistic utterance సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. The communicative act performed by the speaker సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Perlocutionary effect సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. Please submit the form today సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. Make their contribution appropriate to the accepted purpose of the exchange సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. Maxim of Quantity సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. Quality సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. The weather is pleasant today సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. The temporally designated convergence will occur during the post-meridian third hour సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. A person's socially recognized self-image or public identity సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Mitigation of an imposition on the hearer's negative face సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: B. 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a సమాధానం: B.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: C. It may conversationally implicate that not all candidates passed, though that implication can be cancelled సమాధానం: C.