Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
A planner prepares a wind rose from long-term observations for a proposed airport. Which interpretation correctly describes a conventional airport wind rose?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A wind rose summarizes observations by wind direction and often by wind-speed interval. The indicated direction normally describes where the wind comes from. The frequency represented in each directional sector reflects the observed incidence of that wind. Speed bands make it possible to estimate runway crosswind coverage instead of using direction alone. Such information supports runway-orientation screening but does not replace airspace and site assessments.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which approach most appropriately establishes the preliminary orientation of a new airport runway?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Aircraft generally benefit from operating into a headwind rather than with a tailwind. However, the most frequent wind direction alone may not identify the orientation with the highest usability. Wind speed and its angle to each candidate runway axis determine the crosswind component. The resulting coverage must be tested for the intended design aircraft and planning criteria. The preferred orientation must also be compatible with protected approaches, land availability and surrounding communities.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
In standard meteorological convention, what does a wind direction of 270 degrees mean?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Meteorological wind direction ordinarily denotes the direction from which air arrives. A reported wind from 270 degrees is therefore a westerly wind. Its movement is approximately toward 090 degrees. For an aircraft using runway heading 270 degrees it contributes a headwind, whereas the reciprocal runway heading can experience a tailwind. True or magnetic reference must be kept consistent when comparing the wind report with the runway heading.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A proposed straight runway has magnetic approach headings of 074 degrees and 254 degrees in opposite directions. Using runway numbers obtained by rounding each heading to the nearest 10 degrees, which designations result?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Runway numbers represent magnetic approach headings rounded to the nearest ten degrees and divided by ten. The heading 074 degrees rounds to 070 degrees, giving runway 07. The reciprocal heading 254 degrees rounds to 250 degrees, giving runway 25. Opposite ends of one straight runway differ by approximately 180 degrees in heading. The question avoids halfway rounding cases so that a unique numerical answer is available.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
A surface wind of 24 knots meets a proposed runway axis at an acute angle of 30 degrees. What is the magnitude of its crosswind component, assuming steady wind?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Crosswind is the component of wind acting perpendicular to the runway direction. Its magnitude is V times the sine of the acute angle with the runway axis. With V = 24 knots and an angle of 30 degrees, the result is 24 times 0.5. Hence the crosswind magnitude is 12.0 knots. Whether that is permissible must be assessed against the explicitly applicable aircraft or planning crosswind criterion.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
A wind of 18 knots comes from a direction 60 degrees away from the landing runway heading and gives a headwind component. What are the headwind and crosswind magnitudes, respectively?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The headwind component is 18 cos 60 degrees under the given headwind assumption. This equals 18 times 0.5, or 9.0 knots. The crosswind magnitude is 18 sin 60 degrees. This equals approximately 18 times 0.8660, or 15.6 knots. These perpendicular components together represent the supplied wind vector.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
An aircraft is approaching on runway heading 090 degrees. Wind is reported FROM 150 degrees at 22 knots, with directions on the same north reference. What are the approximate headwind and crosswind components?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The angular difference between wind-from direction 150 degrees and runway heading 090 degrees is 60 degrees. Since that difference is less than 90 degrees, the along-runway component is a headwind. Its magnitude is 22 cos 60 degrees = 11 knots. The crosswind magnitude is 22 sin 60 degrees = approximately 19.05 knots. Rounding to one decimal place gives 11.0 knots headwind and 19.1 knots crosswind.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
An aircraft intends to land on heading 090 degrees, while a wind of 20 knots is reported FROM 240 degrees using the same directional reference. What components does the aircraft experience approximately?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The difference between the wind-from bearing 240 degrees and landing heading 090 degrees is 150 degrees. The signed headwind component is 20 cos 150 degrees, or approximately minus 17.32 knots. A negative headwind component is a tailwind of approximately 17.3 knots. The crosswind magnitude is 20 times sin 150 degrees = 10 knots. This question demonstrates why using only an acute angle can conceal the headwind-versus-tailwind distinction.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
A runway is marked 09/27 and a steady wind blows FROM magnetic west, 270 degrees, at 15 knots. Ignoring other constraints, which runway end would give a 15-knot headwind for landing?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Runway 27 has an approximate landing heading of 270 degrees. A wind coming from 270 degrees therefore approaches directly along that landing heading. Its along-runway component is a 15-knot headwind and its crosswind component is zero. Runway 09 is the reciprocal direction and would have a 15-knot tailwind under the stated conditions. Actual runway choice must also respect traffic, weather, terrain and operational procedures.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
In the ICAO Annex 14 runway-orientation guidance, what is the recommended minimum aerodrome usability factor used when considering the number and orientation of runways for intended aeroplanes?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
ICAO Annex 14 recommends an aerodrome usability factor of at least 95 percent for the aeroplanes the aerodrome is intended to serve. The usability assessment is based on representative wind conditions and the relevant assumed crosswind constraints. This is an aerodrome-design recommendation, not proof that every individual aircraft can operate in every covered observation. National requirements and the actual intended aircraft must also be considered. The figure should not be substituted for a site-specific approved operational wind limit.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
A planning exercise requires 95 percent wind coverage from 4800 equally weighted observations. A trial orientation covers 4480 observations under the specified crosswind criterion. How many additional observations would have to qualify within the same sample to achieve exactly 95 percent?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Ninety-five percent of 4800 observations equals 0.95 times 4800 = 4560 observations. The current orientation covers 4480 observations. The shortfall is 4560 minus 4480 = 80 observations. This is an arithmetic comparison using the explicitly adopted coverage target. Reorientation may change which observations qualify, but no specific redesign is implied by this calculation.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Two candidate runways offer wind coverage of 94 percent and 93 percent, respectively, using a common wind dataset and the same specified crosswind rule. Both runways qualify simultaneously during 90 percent of observations. What is the combined coverage when either runway may be used?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Combined airport usability is the proportion of observations for which at least one runway qualifies. It cannot be found by simply adding individual coverages because many observations are covered by both. The inclusion-exclusion rule gives 94 + 93 - 90 = 97 percent. This treats the shared 90 percent of observations only once. The resulting combined coverage is therefore 97 percent under the stated common data and operating assumptions.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
For ICAO Annex 14 runway-orientation planning, consider aeroplanes with reference field length 1400 m. Which assumed maximum crosswind component is recommended in normal circumstances for calculating usability, absent any more restrictive condition?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The ICAO recommendation distinguishes aeroplanes according to their reference field length. The 1200 m to less-than-1500 m category uses an assumed crosswind value of 24 km/h, approximately 13 knots. An aeroplane with reference field length 1400 m is in that category. The value is used for planning the usability of the proposed runway orientation. It is not an operating authorization for every individual aircraft of that field-length category.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Under ICAO Annex 14 runway-orientation guidance, aeroplanes have a reference field length at least 1500 m, but poor runway braking action occurs with some frequency. Which assumed crosswind criterion should be used in this specified situation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The normal ICAO planning assumption for aeroplanes with a reference field length of at least 1500 m is 37 km/h, approximately 20 knots. The guidance includes an exception when poor braking action due to insufficient longitudinal friction occurs with some frequency. In that circumstance, the assumed crosswind should not exceed 24 km/h, approximately 13 knots. The exception recognizes that runway surface conditions affect the ability to manage crosswind during ground operations. A runway wind-coverage calculation should use the applicable context rather than a single crosswind number for every runway.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
How should wind observations classified as calm be treated in a simplified runway wind-coverage analysis based solely on the magnitude of the crosswind component?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Calm observations indicate that wind speed is negligible or within the specified calm reporting class. Under a simplified crosswind-only analysis, their crosswind magnitude is effectively zero. They therefore satisfy any nonnegative crosswind criterion for all runway orientations. The question concerns this particular coverage calculation, not other constraints such as visibility or runway availability. Consistent handling of calm observations is important when comparing different runway orientations.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
In a 1000-observation wind study, calm weather accounts for 15 percent of all observations. A candidate runway also meets the specified crosswind criterion for non-calm observations making up 76 percent of ALL observations. What is the total wind coverage?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Calm conditions contribute 15 percent of the total sample and meet the crosswind criterion. The question separately states that qualifying non-calm conditions contribute 76 percent of the entire sample. These two categories do not overlap. Hence the combined wind coverage is 15 + 76 = 91 percent. It would be wrong to treat 76 percent as a percentage of only the non-calm observations because the stem explicitly defines its base.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
For a runway on the 090/270 axis, 1000 observations are divided into 100 calm observations, 550 observations with 20-knot east-west winds, 200 observations with 8-knot north-south winds, and 150 observations with 18-knot north-south winds. With a 10-knot crosswind limit and no other wind restrictions, what percentage of observations is covered?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Calm observations contribute 100 qualifying observations. East-west winds have zero crosswind relative to the east-west runway axis, so all 550 qualify under the stated crosswind-only rule. North-south winds act perpendicular to the axis, making their crosswind component equal to their wind speed. The 200 observations at 8 knots qualify, whereas the 150 at 18 knots exceed the 10-knot limit. The total is 100 + 550 + 200 = 850 of 1000, giving 85 percent coverage.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
An airport has 600 equally weighted observations of 18-knot winds from east or west, 350 observations of 18-knot winds from north or south, and 50 calm observations. With a 12-knot crosswind limit and no other restrictions, which runway axis has the greater wind coverage?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
For the east-west runway, all 600 east-west observations are aligned with the runway and meet the crosswind condition. The 350 north-south observations have 18 knots of crosswind and do not qualify against the 12-knot limit. Adding 50 calm observations gives 650 covered observations out of 1000, or 65 percent. For the north-south runway, only the 350 north-south observations and the 50 calm observations qualify, giving 40 percent. Therefore the east-west axis offers greater coverage among the two stated choices.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
A wind of 20 knots is reported FROM 315 degrees. Compare proposed runway axes 000/180 and 090/270, using the same angular reference and crosswind-only criterion. Which conclusion is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The wind direction of 315 degrees is 45 degrees from the north-south runway axis. It is also 45 degrees from the east-west runway axis when the nearer reciprocal direction is considered. The crosswind magnitude in each case is 20 sin 45 degrees. This equals approximately 14.14 knots for both axes. Other wind observations and site constraints are needed to choose between these orientations.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
A wind rose shows that 35 percent of winds come FROM 030 degrees and another 40 percent come FROM 210 degrees, with the remaining directions less frequent. Which axis most directly aligns with these two opposing prevailing wind sectors?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A runway has a common axis that can be used in two reciprocal directions. Directions 030 and 210 degrees differ by 180 degrees and thus lie on the same axis. An axis of 030/210 degrees aligns with both predominant sectors. Depending on which end is used, such winds produce a headwind rather than a crosswind. Final orientation still requires evaluating wind speeds, lesser-frequency sectors and aeronautical constraints.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A proposed runway has a TRUE landing heading of 100 degrees at a location with magnetic variation of 10 degrees EAST. Assuming magnetic heading equals true heading minus easterly variation, what runway numbers correspond to the two ends?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The problem explicitly states the conversion from true to magnetic heading for easterly variation. Subtracting 10 degrees from the 100-degree true heading gives 090 degrees magnetic. The reciprocal magnetic heading is 270 degrees. Runway numbers are the magnetic headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees and divided by ten. The corresponding two-end designation is therefore 09/27.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
For an idealized planning exercise, a crosswind limit of 9 knots applies and a steady wind approaches at 30 degrees to the runway axis. What maximum wind speed would give a crosswind component no greater than the stated limit?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The crosswind magnitude is V sin 30 degrees under the stated geometry. Since sin 30 degrees = 0.5, the crosswind component is V/2. The limit requires V/2 to be no more than 9 knots. Therefore the maximum permitted wind speed for this comparison is 18 knots. This result addresses only the specified crosswind limit, not any simultaneous tailwind or gust restrictions.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
A wind speed of 28 knots is considered against a runway crosswind limit of 14 knots. What is the largest acute angular deviation of the wind-from direction from the runway AXIS that satisfies the limit?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The crosswind magnitude equals 28 sin theta, where theta is the acute angle to the runway axis. The condition is 28 sin theta no greater than 14. Dividing by 28 gives sin theta no greater than 0.5. Within the acute-angle range, the limiting angle is 30 degrees. This calculation alone does not distinguish headwind from tailwind, which requires checking the selected landing direction.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A proposed runway orientation is being evaluated using ten years of recorded wind data. Which quality-control and interpretation method is most defensible for a wind-rose-based design study?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Wind coverage is an estimate derived from measured observations rather than a fixed geometric property of the runway. Missing observations or biased seasonal sampling can distort the estimated directional frequencies. Wind directions and runway headings must use consistent true or magnetic reference frames. Speed units and calm-wind treatment must also be consistent across the analysis. The crosswind criterion must be justified for the design context and intended aircraft.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
A wind-rose study gives 97 percent coverage for an east-west runway, but its proposed approach crosses a prohibited obstacle environment. Another orientation offers 96 percent coverage and feasible protected approaches. Which conclusion is most defensible at preliminary design stage?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Runway usability derived from crosswind analysis is one important orientation criterion. Protected approaches and departures are essential to the aeronautical feasibility of an alignment. A higher wind-coverage percentage does not itself justify an unacceptable obstacle situation. Both candidate orientations also require checking terrain, airspace, aircraft operations, noise and land availability. The alternative providing 96 percent coverage can be more defensible if it meets all applicable requirements after detailed assessment.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
-
Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. A directional-frequency diagram showing winds coming from compass sectors, often subdivided into wind-speed classes. సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: D. Examine representative wind-speed and directional frequencies, identify orientations with suitable crosswind coverage, and check airspace, terrain and environmental constraints. సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. The wind is blowing from the west toward the east. సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. 07 and 25. సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. 12.0 knots. సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: D. 9.0 knots and 15.6 knots. సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: A. 11.0 knots headwind and 19.1 knots crosswind. సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. 17.3 knots tailwind and 10.0 knots crosswind. సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. Runway 27. సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: D. 95 percent. సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: A. 80 observations. సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: C. 97 percent. సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. 24 km/h (13 knots). సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: D. A value not exceeding 24 km/h (13 knots) instead of the ordinary 37 km/h (20 knots) assumption. సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. They contribute zero crosswind and are counted as covered for every orientation under that criterion. సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: C. 91 percent. సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. 85 percent. సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: D. The east-west axis, covering 65 percent. సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. Each axis has a crosswind magnitude of approximately 14.1 knots, so this single observation does not distinguish between them. సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. 030/210 degrees. సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. 09 and 27. సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. 18 knots. సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: A. 30 degrees. సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. Check observation completeness, consistent direction reference and speed units, seasonal representativeness and the applicability of the chosen crosswind threshold. సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: A. Advance the feasible 96-percent orientation for full aeronautical and environmental assessment instead of treating the maximum wind-coverage percentage as the sole site-selection rule. సమాధానం: A.