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Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
In railway permanent-way engineering, which statement correctly distinguishes a complete turnout from an individual switch or crossing?
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Explanation:
A turnout is a complete track arrangement providing an alternative path for a train. The switch assembly selects the path at the entry of the turnout. Lead rails connect the switching region to the crossing region. The crossing permits a wheel to pass where running-rail paths intersect. A switch or a crossing alone is therefore only a component of the complete turnout.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which grouping identifies the three principal subassemblies of a conventional simple railway turnout?
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Explanation:
A simple turnout is commonly divided into switch, lead and crossing portions. The switch comprises the movable tongue rails and associated stock rails and fittings. The lead provides the track between the switch and crossing. The crossing accommodates the intersecting rail routes near the frog. Ballast and sleepers support the turnout but are not the three principal functional subassemblies.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
In the switch assembly of a railway turnout, what is a stock rail?
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Explanation:
The stock rail is a fixed rail in the switch assembly. A tapered tongue rail moves toward or away from its associated stock rail. Proper contact of the closed tongue rail with the stock rail helps guide the wheelset safely. Stock-rail condition and alignment therefore affect turnout geometry. A stock rail must not be confused with the wing or check rails located in the crossing region.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Why are the two movable tongue rails of a conventional railway switch connected and operated together?
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Explanation:
A conventional point assembly uses two movable tongue rails. Their coordinated movement opens one route and closes the other for a facing movement. Stretcher bars or an approved operating arrangement maintain the relationship between the tongues. Sufficient opening must remain for safe passage of wheel flanges beside the open tongue. The closed tongue also needs correct housing against its stock rail to prevent unsafe wheel guidance.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which description of the heel of a railway switch is most accurate?
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Explanation:
The switch heel is the rear region of a tongue rail relevant to its connection with the lead rail. In a loose-heel switch, the tongue and lead rails meet through a joint permitting movement. In a fixed-heel switch, the heel is referenced to the heel-block position and the tongue flexes during operation. The heel is distinct from the actual toe at the front tip of the tongue rail. Its location also serves as a reference when turnout lead is measured.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
An observer stands on the approach side of a turnout and looks forward in the facing direction. The divergent route branches to the observer's right. How is this turnout classified?
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Explanation:
Turnout handedness is determined with reference to a specified facing approach direction. The observer looks from the stock-rail-joint side toward the turnout. A branch to the right is a right-hand turnout. A branch to the left is a left-hand turnout. The classification must not be reversed merely because a train could traverse the same turnout in the opposite direction.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A train approaches the tongue-rail tips of a turnout and can be directed onto either available route according to the point setting. What is this movement called?
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Explanation:
In a facing movement, the train approaches the switch from the tongue-rail-tip side. The setting of the movable rails determines which route the train follows. A trailing movement approaches the same switch from the crossing side. Correct point operation and locking are particularly important for facing movements. Facing and trailing describe direction of passage through a turnout rather than its right-hand or left-hand designation.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
In a fixed railway crossing, what is meant by the throat of the crossing?
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Explanation:
The crossing throat is associated with the converging wing rails. It is the position where their separation is the smallest. The wing rails help support the wheel as it negotiates the flangeway region. Farther along the crossing, the wheel load is progressively transferred toward the nose. The throat is not the same as the theoretical nose or the heel of the switch.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which pairing correctly states the functions of wing rails and check rails in an ordinary fixed railway crossing?
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Explanation:
Wing rails flank the crossing nose and support the wheel tread through the crossing region. Check rails act on the back of a wheel flange to control lateral wheelset position. This guidance helps prevent an opposing wheel flange from striking the crossing nose improperly. The two components have complementary but different functions. Their wear and the relevant flangeway clearances must be inspected together.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Why is the theoretical nose of a railway crossing distinguished from its actual nose?
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Explanation:
The theoretical nose is a geometrical point where the crossing gauge lines intersect. It provides a stable datum for turnout layout calculations. A real crossing cannot usually terminate as a perfectly sharp zero-width metal point. Its actual nose is offset to a location where sufficient material remains for manufacturing and strength. Confusing these two locations can produce errors when setting out the crossing and the turnout lead.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
In Indian railway crossing terminology, if F is the included crossing angle and N is the crossing number, which relation applies?
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Explanation:
Indian railway crossing number is defined as the cotangent of the crossing angle. Therefore tan(F) is the reciprocal of the number N. A 1 in 12 crossing has N equal to 12 under this convention. A larger N corresponds to a smaller crossing angle. The relation must be used consistently when comparing crossing geometry or calculating the theoretical angle.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
A railway crossing is designated 1 in 12, with tan(F) = 1/12. What is the crossing angle F to the nearest hundredth of a degree?
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Explanation:
For a 1 in 12 crossing, the tangent of the angle is 1/12. The crossing angle is therefore the inverse tangent of 0.083333. This gives approximately 4.7636 degrees. Rounded to the nearest hundredth, the value is 4.76 degrees. The crossing number is not itself an angle measured in degrees.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
For an ideal fixed crossing the tangent of the included crossing angle is measured as 0.080. Using N = 1/tan(F), what crossing number is obtained?
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Explanation:
The crossing-number relation is N = 1/tan(F). The problem supplies tan(F) directly as 0.080. Dividing 1 by 0.080 gives N = 12.5. This represents a theoretical crossing designation of 1 in 12.5 for the measured angle. It is a geometry calculation and does not imply that this particular size is a standard approved turnout design.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
In a simplified crossing-gauge-line survey, the perpendicular separation increases by 100 mm over a longitudinal run of 1.20 m from the theoretical intersection. Using tan(F) = separation/run, what is the crossing number N?
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Explanation:
The stated separation is 100 mm, equivalent to 0.10 m. The longitudinal run is 1.20 m. Under the idealized right-triangle model, tan(F) = 0.10/1.20 = 1/12. The crossing number is therefore the reciprocal of the tangent, giving N = 12. This simplified geometry assumes the measured separation and run correspond to the specified crossing gauge lines.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Other conditions being equal, which comparison of a 1 in 8.5 crossing and a 1 in 12 crossing is correct?
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Explanation:
Crossing number is inversely related to the tangent of crossing angle. Consequently a larger crossing number means a smaller angle. A 1 in 12 crossing is flatter than a 1 in 8.5 crossing. Flatter turnout geometry can be useful where higher diverging-route speeds are required. The actual permitted speed remains dependent on the full approved turnout design, its lead curve and its condition.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Under the Indian railway turnout layout convention, what is the turnout lead?
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Explanation:
Turnout lead is referenced to the switch heel and theoretical crossing nose. It is measured along the straight direction of the turnout layout. The turnout lead differs from the length of the movable tongue rail. It also differs from overall turnout length, which uses the stock-rail joint and crossing heel as its endpoints. Correct reference points are necessary for setting out or verifying a turnout assembly.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
For an explicitly idealized straight divergent alignment, assume the path begins at zero separation and follows tan(F) = 1/12. If the longitudinal run is 24 m, what lateral separation develops?
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Explanation:
The idealized divergent line is treated as straight for this problem. Its slope is tan(F) = 1/12. The lateral separation is the slope multiplied by the longitudinal run. Therefore separation = 24/12 = 2.0 m. An actual railway turnout commonly uses a designed lead curve and approved drawings rather than this straight-line simplification.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
In the same idealized straight-line divergence model tan(F) = 1/N, a 1 in 12 alignment must achieve 1.80 m lateral separation. What longitudinal distance is required?
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Explanation:
For the specified model, separation divided by longitudinal run equals 1/N. Rearranging gives run = N times separation. Substitution gives 12 times 1.80 m = 21.6 m. This is an idealized projection based on a fixed crossing-angle slope. It should not be substituted directly for the actual turnout lead computed from the full switch and lead-curve geometry.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
For a 1 in 8.5 railway crossing, use tan(F) = 1/8.5. What is its included crossing angle approximately?
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Explanation:
The tangent of the included angle is the reciprocal of 8.5. Numerically this is approximately 0.117647. Applying the inverse tangent gives F approximately 6.7098 degrees. Therefore 6.71 degrees is the closest answer. This angle is greater than that of a 1 in 12 crossing, confirming that the 1 in 8.5 crossing is sharper.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
In a turnout layout survey, stationing along the straight main route is: stock-rail joint at 0 m, switch heel at 5.5 m, theoretical crossing nose at 25.5 m and crossing heel at 32.0 m. What are the turnout lead and the overall turnout length, respectively?
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Explanation:
Turnout lead is measured from the switch heel to the theoretical crossing nose along the straight track. Thus the lead is 25.5 minus 5.5 = 20.0 m. Overall turnout length is measured from the stock-rail joint to the crossing heel. Its value is 32.0 minus 0 = 32.0 m. Using the supplied stationing avoids confusing the lead with either switch length or the complete turnout length.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
For an explicitly ideal straight switch, the tongue-rail gauge line diverges laterally by 120 mm over a longitudinal switch length of 6.0 m. Using tan(beta) = divergence/length, what is the switch angle beta approximately?
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Explanation:
The heel divergence is 120 mm, equivalent to 0.120 m. The idealized switch length is 6.0 m. Therefore tan(beta) = 0.120/6.0 = 0.020. Taking the inverse tangent gives beta approximately 1.1458 degrees. The result describes only the specified straight-line switch model and is not the crossing angle of the complete turnout.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
At a conventional fixed crossing, why are a check rail and correctly maintained flangeway clearance particularly important near the crossing nose?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The crossing creates interruptions in the running-rail geometry to accommodate wheel flanges. Wing rails provide tread support in the approach to the nose and during load transfer. The check rail controls the lateral position of the wheelset through flange-back contact when needed. Correct flangeway and check-rail clearances help protect the crossing nose from damaging flange strikes. These dimensions must be maintained together with gauge and sleeper support.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
During a switch inspection, the movable tongue rail has transverse position readings of 40 mm when closed and 160 mm when fully open, measured against the same fixed reference at the toe. What is the switch throw?
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Explanation:
Switch throw is the movement of the tongue rail at the designated measurement location. Both readings are measured from the same fixed reference. The change in position is 160 minus 40 = 120 mm. Therefore the throw is 120 mm. Whether a measured throw meets a particular layout requirement must be checked against the relevant approved switch design and applicable dimensions.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A busy passenger-running route requires a turnout with improved diverging-route geometry, but the yard has limited available space. Which selection principle is most defensible?
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Explanation:
Turnout geometry is a compromise between space and the required operating performance. A flatter crossing and appropriately designed lead generally support a gentler divergence. Available yard length and adjacent track clearances constrain the permissible layout. The switch design, crossing number, sleepers and connecting curves must be compatible. The sanctioned route speed must follow the actual approved design and operating restrictions rather than crossing number alone.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
A turnout shows a poorly fitting closed tongue rail, battered crossing nose, excessive check-rail clearance and loose sleeper packing. Which engineering action is appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Turnout safety depends on correct interaction among switches, leads and crossings. Poor switch housing can impair guidance during a facing movement. Damaged crossing noses and excessive clearances may increase the risk of unsafe wheel passage. Defective sleeper support can amplify impact and accelerate wear throughout the turnout. Maintenance must therefore restore the approved geometry and components together while observing the required operating protection.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. A turnout is the integrated arrangement of switches, lead rails and crossing that permits trains to transfer between routes. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: D. Switch assembly, lead portion and crossing assembly. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. A fixed running rail against which a movable tongue rail fits when the switch is closed. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. To close the selected route on one side while opening sufficient flangeway on the other side, directing wheels along the intended path. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. It is the rear reference region of the tongue rail; a fixed-heel design uses the heel-block location, while a loose-heel arrangement has an articulated connection to the lead rail. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. Right-hand turnout. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: D. Facing movement because the train approaches from the switch-toe side and the points determine its route. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. The location where the converging wing rails are closest to one another. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. Wing rails assist wheel-tread support through the crossing, while check rails guide the wheelset laterally to protect clearance at the crossing nose. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. The theoretical nose is the intersection of the crossing gauge lines used for setting out, whereas the actual nose begins where sufficient physical metal thickness is available. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. N = cot(F), equivalently tan(F) = 1/N. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: C. Approximately 4.76 degrees. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. 12.5. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. 12. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. The 1 in 12 crossing is flatter, with a smaller included angle than the 1 in 8.5 crossing. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: C. The distance along the straight track from the heel of the switch to the theoretical nose of the crossing. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. 2.0 m. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. 21.6 m. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. 6.71 degrees. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. 20.0 m and 32.0 m. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. 1.15 degrees. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: B. They help guide the wheelset so that the opposite wheel flange passes the nose safely while the wheel tread negotiates the crossing region. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. 120 mm. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. Compare approved flatter-turnout layouts, lead-curve geometry, vehicle speeds, clearances, space and maintenance conditions before selecting a design. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: A. Inspect and correct the switch housing, crossing protection, gauge and flangeways, and support conditions as an integrated turnout assembly under applicable safety procedures. సమాధానం: A.