అంతర్జాతీయ సంఘటనలు మరియు సంబంధాలు - టెస్ట్ 80 - సైబర్ దౌత్యం మరియు ప్రపంచ సైబర్ పాలన
Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement most accurately describes the international governance of State behaviour in cyberspace?
Cyberspaceలో State behaviour యొక్క international governanceను అత్యంత ఖచ్చితంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• There is no single universal treaty comprehensively regulating all State cyber conduct.
• The UN framework combines existing international law with voluntary norms, confidence-building measures, capacity-building and continuing institutional dialogue.
• Binding treaty mechanisms dealing with specific areas such as cybercrime must be distinguished from voluntary norms concerning responsible State behaviour in the international-security context.
• The UN framework combines existing international law with voluntary norms, confidence-building measures, capacity-building and continuing institutional dialogue.
• Binding treaty mechanisms dealing with specific areas such as cybercrime must be distinguished from voluntary norms concerning responsible State behaviour in the international-security context.
వివరణ:
• అన్ని State cyber conductను comprehensively regulate చేసే ఒకే universal treaty లేదు.
• UN framework existing international lawను voluntary norms, confidence-building measures, capacity-building మరియు continuing institutional dialogueతో కలుపుతుంది.
• Cybercrime వంటి specific areasపై binding treaty mechanismsను international-security contextలో responsible State behaviourకు సంబంధించిన voluntary norms నుంచి వేరు చేయాలి.
• UN framework existing international lawను voluntary norms, confidence-building measures, capacity-building మరియు continuing institutional dialogueతో కలుపుతుంది.
• Cybercrime వంటి specific areasపై binding treaty mechanismsను international-security contextలో responsible State behaviourకు సంబంధించిన voluntary norms నుంచి వేరు చేయాలి.
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
What important conclusion did the 2013 UN Group of Governmental Experts reach regarding international law and State use of ICTs?
International law మరియు State use of ICTs విషయంలో 2013 UN Group of Governmental Experts ఏ ముఖ్య conclusionకు వచ్చింది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The 2013 GGE concluded that international law, and particularly the UN Charter, applies to State use of ICTs.
• State sovereignty and international norms and principles flowing from sovereignty also apply to ICT-related State conduct.
• This does not mean that every cyber incident automatically reaches thresholds such as a prohibited use of force or armed attack; the applicable rules depend on the facts and legal circumstances.
• State sovereignty and international norms and principles flowing from sovereignty also apply to ICT-related State conduct.
• This does not mean that every cyber incident automatically reaches thresholds such as a prohibited use of force or armed attack; the applicable rules depend on the facts and legal circumstances.
వివరణ:
• 2013 GGE State use of ICTsపై international law, ముఖ్యంగా UN Charter, వర్తిస్తుందని conclude చేసింది.
• State sovereignty మరియు sovereignty నుంచి వచ్చే international norms/principles కూడా ICT-related State conductకు వర్తిస్తాయి.
• ప్రతి cyber incident automatically prohibited use of force లేదా armed attack thresholdను చేరుతుందని దీని అర్థం కాదు; applicable rules facts మరియు legal circumstancesపై ఆధారపడతాయి.
• State sovereignty మరియు sovereignty నుంచి వచ్చే international norms/principles కూడా ICT-related State conductకు వర్తిస్తాయి.
• ప్రతి cyber incident automatically prohibited use of force లేదా armed attack thresholdను చేరుతుందని దీని అర్థం కాదు; applicable rules facts మరియు legal circumstancesపై ఆధారపడతాయి.
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
How should the 11 norms of responsible State behaviour recommended by the 2015 UN GGE be legally characterized?
2015 UN GGE recommend చేసిన 11 norms of responsible State behaviourను legally ఎలా characterize చేయాలి?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The 2015 GGE presented the norms as voluntary and non-binding.
• They establish expectations intended to increase stability and predictability and reduce risks of misunderstanding and escalation.
• Their voluntary character does not alter separate obligations that States already have under applicable international law.
• They establish expectations intended to increase stability and predictability and reduce risks of misunderstanding and escalation.
• Their voluntary character does not alter separate obligations that States already have under applicable international law.
వివరణ:
• 2015 GGE ఈ normsను voluntary మరియు non-bindingగా presented చేసింది.
• Stability మరియు predictability పెంచి misunderstanding/escalation risks తగ్గించేందుకు expectationsను ఇవి establish చేస్తాయి.
• వాటి voluntary character, applicable international law కింద Statesకు ఇప్పటికే ఉన్న separate obligationsను మార్చదు.
• Stability మరియు predictability పెంచి misunderstanding/escalation risks తగ్గించేందుకు expectationsను ఇవి establish చేస్తాయి.
• వాటి voluntary character, applicable international law కింద Statesకు ఇప్పటికే ఉన్న separate obligationsను మార్చదు.
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which option correctly reflects the 2015 UN norm concerning critical infrastructure?
Critical infrastructureకు సంబంధించిన 2015 UN normను సరైన విధంగా ప్రతిబింబించే option ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Protection of critical infrastructure is included among the 2015 voluntary norms.
• The norm addresses ICT activity contrary to international-law obligations that intentionally damages critical infrastructure or impairs its operation in providing services to the public.
• It is a voluntary responsible-State-behaviour norm, not a separate critical-infrastructure treaty.
• The norm addresses ICT activity contrary to international-law obligations that intentionally damages critical infrastructure or impairs its operation in providing services to the public.
• It is a voluntary responsible-State-behaviour norm, not a separate critical-infrastructure treaty.
వివరణ:
• Critical infrastructure protection 2015 voluntary normsలో ఉంది.
• International-law obligationsకు contraryగా critical infrastructureను intentionally damage చేయడం లేదా public services provisionలో దాని operationను impair చేసే ICT activityను norm address చేస్తుంది.
• ఇది voluntary responsible-State-behaviour norm; separate critical-infrastructure treaty కాదు.
• International-law obligationsకు contraryగా critical infrastructureను intentionally damage చేయడం లేదా public services provisionలో దాని operationను impair చేసే ICT activityను norm address చేస్తుంది.
• ఇది voluntary responsible-State-behaviour norm; separate critical-infrastructure treaty కాదు.
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which statement correctly reflects the UN voluntary norm concerning national computer emergency response teams such as CERTs or CSIRTs?
CERTs లేదా CSIRTs వంటి national computer emergency response teamsపై UN voluntary normను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• One of the agreed voluntary norms specifically protects authorized computer emergency response teams or cybersecurity incident response teams.
• Such teams are important for technical incident response, information exchange and mitigation.
• States should also not use their own authorized response teams to undertake malicious international activity.
• Such teams are important for technical incident response, information exchange and mitigation.
• States should also not use their own authorized response teams to undertake malicious international activity.
వివరణ:
• Agreed voluntary normsలో ఒకటి authorized computer emergency response teams లేదా cybersecurity incident response teamsను specifically protect చేస్తుంది.
• Technical incident response, information exchange మరియు mitigationలో ఇటువంటి teams ముఖ్యమైనవి.
• తమ authorized response teamsను malicious international activity కోసం States ఉపయోగించకూడదు.
• Technical incident response, information exchange మరియు mitigationలో ఇటువంటి teams ముఖ్యమైనవి.
• తమ authorized response teamsను malicious international activity కోసం States ఉపయోగించకూడదు.
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which approach to attribution of a cyber incident is most consistent with the UN responsible-State-behaviour framework?
Cyber incident attribution విషయంలో UN responsible-State-behaviour frameworkకు అత్యంత consistent approach ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The UN cyber framework expressly recognizes the difficulty of attribution.
• Relevant technical and contextual information should be considered and accusations against States should be substantiated.
• Technical attribution, public political attribution and the legal attribution of conduct for purposes of State responsibility are related but analytically distinct questions.
• Relevant technical and contextual information should be considered and accusations against States should be substantiated.
• Technical attribution, public political attribution and the legal attribution of conduct for purposes of State responsibility are related but analytically distinct questions.
వివరణ:
• UN cyber framework attribution difficultyను expressly recognize చేస్తుంది.
• Relevant technical మరియు contextual informationను consider చేయాలి; Statesపై accusations substantiatedగా ఉండాలి.
• Technical attribution, public political attribution మరియు State responsibility కోసం legal attribution పరస్పరం related అయినప్పటికీ analytically distinct questions.
• Relevant technical మరియు contextual informationను consider చేయాలి; Statesపై accusations substantiatedగా ఉండాలి.
• Technical attribution, public political attribution మరియు State responsibility కోసం legal attribution పరస్పరం related అయినప్పటికీ analytically distinct questions.
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which statement correctly describes the UN Open-ended Working Group on security of and in the use of ICTs that operated from 2021 to 2025?
2021 నుంచి 2025 వరకు పనిచేసిన UN Open-ended Working Group on security of and in the use of ICTsను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• General Assembly resolution 75/240 established the 2021–2025 OEWG.
• Its mandate covered existing and potential ICT threats, international law, rules/norms/principles, confidence-building, capacity-building and regular institutional dialogue.
• Its eleventh and final substantive session was held in July 2025.
• Its mandate covered existing and potential ICT threats, international law, rules/norms/principles, confidence-building, capacity-building and regular institutional dialogue.
• Its eleventh and final substantive session was held in July 2025.
వివరణ:
• General Assembly resolution 75/240 2021–2025 OEWGను ఏర్పాటు చేసింది.
• Existing/potential ICT threats, international law, rules/norms/principles, confidence-building, capacity-building మరియు regular institutional dialogue దాని mandateలో ఉన్నాయి.
• Eleventh మరియు final substantive session జూలై 2025లో జరిగింది.
• Existing/potential ICT threats, international law, rules/norms/principles, confidence-building, capacity-building మరియు regular institutional dialogue దాని mandateలో ఉన్నాయి.
• Eleventh మరియు final substantive session జూలై 2025లో జరిగింది.
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which statement correctly describes the UN Global Mechanism on ICTs in the Context of International Security that began meeting in 2026?
2026లో meetings ప్రారంభించిన UN Global Mechanism on ICTs in the Context of International Securityను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The final 2021–2025 OEWG outcome provided the basis for operationalizing the Global Mechanism.
• It is a permanent institutional dialogue mechanism rather than a treaty or supranational enforcement body.
• Its first substantive plenary was held from 20 to 24 July 2026.
• It is a permanent institutional dialogue mechanism rather than a treaty or supranational enforcement body.
• Its first substantive plenary was held from 20 to 24 July 2026.
వివరణ:
• 2021–2025 OEWG final outcome Global Mechanism operationalizationకు basisను అందించింది.
• ఇది treaty లేదా supranational enforcement body కాకుండా permanent institutional dialogue mechanism.
• First substantive plenary 20–24 జూలై 2026లో జరిగింది.
• ఇది treaty లేదా supranational enforcement body కాకుండా permanent institutional dialogue mechanism.
• First substantive plenary 20–24 జూలై 2026లో జరిగింది.
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which set correctly identifies the five pillars around which the UN framework for responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs is organized?
UN framework for responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs organize అయ్యే five pillarsను సరైన విధంగా చూపే set ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Global Mechanism organizes its substantive work around the five pillars of the accumulated UN framework for responsible State behaviour.
• They combine consideration of threats, applicable international law, behavioural norms and principles, confidence-building and capacity-building.
• Cybercrime treaty cooperation is related to cyber governance but is institutionally and legally distinct from this international-security framework.
• They combine consideration of threats, applicable international law, behavioural norms and principles, confidence-building and capacity-building.
• Cybercrime treaty cooperation is related to cyber governance but is institutionally and legally distinct from this international-security framework.
వివరణ:
• Responsible State behaviourపై accumulated UN framework యొక్క five pillars చుట్టూ Global Mechanism substantive work organize అవుతుంది.
• Threats, applicable international law, behavioural norms/principles, confidence-building మరియు capacity-buildingను ఇవి కలుపుతాయి.
• Cybercrime treaty cooperation cyber governanceతో related అయినప్పటికీ ఈ international-security framework నుంచి institutionally మరియు legally distinct.
• Threats, applicable international law, behavioural norms/principles, confidence-building మరియు capacity-buildingను ఇవి కలుపుతాయి.
• Cybercrime treaty cooperation cyber governanceతో related అయినప్పటికీ ఈ international-security framework నుంచి institutionally మరియు legally distinct.
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
What is the principal purpose of confidence-building measures (CBMs) in international cyber diplomacy?
International cyber diplomacyలో confidence-building measures (CBMs) యొక్క principal purpose ఏమిటి?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cyber CBMs are intended to increase trust, transparency, predictability and cooperation among States.
• Examples include points of contact, information exchange, consultations, cooperative exercises and incident-communication arrangements.
• They complement rather than replace applicable international law and national responsibilities.
• Examples include points of contact, information exchange, consultations, cooperative exercises and incident-communication arrangements.
• They complement rather than replace applicable international law and national responsibilities.
వివరణ:
• Cyber CBMs States మధ్య trust, transparency, predictability మరియు cooperationను పెంచేందుకు ఉద్దేశించబడ్డాయి.
• Points of contact, information exchange, consultations, cooperative exercises మరియు incident-communication arrangements examplesగా ఉంటాయి.
• Applicable international law మరియు national responsibilitiesను replace చేయకుండా ఇవి complement చేస్తాయి.
• Points of contact, information exchange, consultations, cooperative exercises మరియు incident-communication arrangements examplesగా ఉంటాయి.
• Applicable international law మరియు national responsibilitiesను replace చేయకుండా ఇవి complement చేస్తాయి.
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
What is the principal subject of the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime adopted in 2024?
2024లో adopted అయిన United Nations Convention against Cybercrime యొక్క principal subject ఏమిటి?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Convention addresses specified offences committed through or against ICT systems and international cooperation in combating cybercrime.
• It also establishes procedures concerning electronic evidence of serious crimes subject to its provisions and safeguards.
• It is legally and institutionally distinct from the voluntary UN norms on responsible State behaviour in the international-security context.
• It also establishes procedures concerning electronic evidence of serious crimes subject to its provisions and safeguards.
• It is legally and institutionally distinct from the voluntary UN norms on responsible State behaviour in the international-security context.
వివరణ:
• ICT systems ద్వారా లేదా వాటిపై committed specified offences మరియు cybercrimeను combat చేసే international cooperationను Convention address చేస్తుంది.
• దాని provisions మరియు safeguardsకు subjectగా serious crimes electronic evidenceకు సంబంధించిన proceduresను కూడా establish చేస్తుంది.
• International-security contextలో responsible State behaviourపై voluntary UN norms నుంచి ఇది legally మరియు institutionally distinct.
• దాని provisions మరియు safeguardsకు subjectగా serious crimes electronic evidenceకు సంబంధించిన proceduresను కూడా establish చేస్తుంది.
• International-security contextలో responsible State behaviourపై voluntary UN norms నుంచి ఇది legally మరియు institutionally distinct.
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which statement correctly describes the adoption, signature and entry-into-force rules of the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime?
United Nations Convention against Cybercrime adoption, signature మరియు entry-into-force rulesను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• General Assembly resolution 79/243 adopted the Convention on 24 December 2024.
• Article 64 provided for signature in Hanoi on 25–26 October 2025 and thereafter at UN Headquarters through 31 December 2026.
• Article 65 requires forty qualifying instruments, rather than forty signatures, before the entry-into-force period begins.
• Article 64 provided for signature in Hanoi on 25–26 October 2025 and thereafter at UN Headquarters through 31 December 2026.
• Article 65 requires forty qualifying instruments, rather than forty signatures, before the entry-into-force period begins.
వివరణ:
• General Assembly resolution 79/243 24 డిసెంబర్ 2024న Conventionను adopt చేసింది.
• Article 64 ప్రకారం 25–26 అక్టోబర్ 2025న Hanoiలో మరియు తరువాత 31 డిసెంబర్ 2026 వరకు UN Headquartersలో signatureకు openగా ఉంటుంది.
• Entry-into-force period ప్రారంభం కావడానికి Article 65 ప్రకారం 40 signatures కాదు, 40 qualifying instruments అవసరం.
• Article 64 ప్రకారం 25–26 అక్టోబర్ 2025న Hanoiలో మరియు తరువాత 31 డిసెంబర్ 2026 వరకు UN Headquartersలో signatureకు openగా ఉంటుంది.
• Entry-into-force period ప్రారంభం కావడానికి Article 65 ప్రకారం 40 signatures కాదు, 40 qualifying instruments అవసరం.
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
According to the latest UN Treaty Collection status dated 26 September 2026, which statement correctly describes the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime?
26 సెప్టెంబర్ 2026 తేదీ గల latest UN Treaty Collection status ప్రకారం United Nations Convention against Cybercrimeను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The UN Treaty Collection status dated 26 September 2026 records 95 signatories and 3 parties.
• It expressly lists the Convention as not yet in force.
• Entry into force requires the deposit of the fortieth qualifying instrument followed by the treaty's 90-day period.
• It expressly lists the Convention as not yet in force.
• Entry into force requires the deposit of the fortieth qualifying instrument followed by the treaty's 90-day period.
వివరణ:
• 26 సెప్టెంబర్ 2026 తేదీ గల UN Treaty Collection status 95 signatories మరియు 3 partiesను record చేస్తోంది.
• Conventionను expressly 'not yet in force'గా list చేస్తోంది.
• Entry into forceకు 40వ qualifying instrument deposit అయ్యి తరువాత treaty 90-day period పూర్తి కావాలి.
• Conventionను expressly 'not yet in force'గా list చేస్తోంది.
• Entry into forceకు 40వ qualifying instrument deposit అయ్యి తరువాత treaty 90-day period పూర్తి కావాలి.
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
According to the UN depositary record available on 26 September 2026, which statement correctly describes India's status regarding the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime?
26 సెప్టెంబర్ 2026న available ఉన్న UN depositary record ప్రకారం United Nations Convention against Cybercrime విషయంలో India's statusను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The UN depositary records India's signature on 25 September 2026.
• The latest status used for this test does not record an Indian qualifying instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
• Signature and deposit of a qualifying instrument are legally distinct treaty steps.
• The latest status used for this test does not record an Indian qualifying instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
• Signature and deposit of a qualifying instrument are legally distinct treaty steps.
వివరణ:
• UN depositary India signatureను 25 సెప్టెంబర్ 2026గా record చేస్తోంది.
• ఈ testకు ఉపయోగించిన latest statusలో India qualifying instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval లేదా accession record కాలేదు.
• Signature మరియు qualifying instrument deposit legally distinct treaty steps.
• ఈ testకు ఉపయోగించిన latest statusలో India qualifying instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval లేదా accession record కాలేదు.
• Signature మరియు qualifying instrument deposit legally distinct treaty steps.
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Which statement correctly describes the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime and India's status in relation to it?
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime మరియు దానికి సంబంధించిన India's statusను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Budapest Convention is Council of Europe Treaty No. 185 and entered into force in 2004.
• Non-European States may become parties under its accession procedure.
• Current Council of Europe material confirms that India has not acceded to the Budapest Convention.
• Non-European States may become parties under its accession procedure.
• Current Council of Europe material confirms that India has not acceded to the Budapest Convention.
వివరణ:
• Budapest Convention Council of Europe Treaty No. 185 మరియు 2004లో అమల్లోకి వచ్చింది.
• దాని accession procedure ప్రకారం non-European States కూడా parties కావచ్చు.
• India Budapest Conventionకు accede కాలేదని current Council of Europe material confirm చేస్తుంది.
• దాని accession procedure ప్రకారం non-European States కూడా parties కావచ్చు.
• India Budapest Conventionకు accede కాలేదని current Council of Europe material confirm చేస్తుంది.
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which comparison among the UN responsible-State-behaviour norms, the Budapest Convention and the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime is legally correct as of September 2026?
September 2026 నాటికి UN responsible-State-behaviour norms, Budapest Convention మరియు United Nations Convention against Cybercrime మధ్య legally correct comparison ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The 11 UN responsible-State-behaviour norms are voluntary and non-binding.
• The Budapest Convention is a treaty already in force and legally binding for States for which it is in force.
• The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime is a treaty instrument, but the UN Treaty Collection currently lists it as not yet in force; its substantive treaty regime therefore has not yet become operative under the Convention.
• The Budapest Convention is a treaty already in force and legally binding for States for which it is in force.
• The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime is a treaty instrument, but the UN Treaty Collection currently lists it as not yet in force; its substantive treaty regime therefore has not yet become operative under the Convention.
వివరణ:
• 11 UN responsible-State-behaviour norms voluntary మరియు non-binding.
• Budapest Convention ఇప్పటికే అమల్లో ఉన్న treaty మరియు అది అమల్లో ఉన్న Statesకు legally binding.
• United Nations Convention against Cybercrime treaty instrument అయినప్పటికీ UN Treaty Collection ప్రస్తుతం దాన్ని not yet in forceగా చూపిస్తోంది; కాబట్టి Convention substantive treaty regime ఇంకా operative కాలేదు.
• Budapest Convention ఇప్పటికే అమల్లో ఉన్న treaty మరియు అది అమల్లో ఉన్న Statesకు legally binding.
• United Nations Convention against Cybercrime treaty instrument అయినప్పటికీ UN Treaty Collection ప్రస్తుతం దాన్ని not yet in forceగా చూపిస్తోంది; కాబట్టి Convention substantive treaty regime ఇంకా operative కాలేదు.
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which statement correctly describes the Global Digital Compact in relation to cyber governance?
Cyber governanceకు సంబంధించి Global Digital Compactను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Global Digital Compact forms part of the Pact for the Future adopted in September 2024.
• Its objectives include closing digital divides, digital inclusion, a safe and secure digital space, data governance and enhanced international governance of artificial intelligence.
• It is distinct from the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime.
• Its objectives include closing digital divides, digital inclusion, a safe and secure digital space, data governance and enhanced international governance of artificial intelligence.
• It is distinct from the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime.
వివరణ:
• Global Digital Compact September 2024లో adopted అయిన Pact for the Futureలో భాగం.
• Digital divides తగ్గించడం, digital inclusion, safe and secure digital space, data governance మరియు enhanced international governance of artificial intelligence దాని objectivesలో ఉన్నాయి.
• ఇది United Nations Convention against Cybercrime నుంచి distinct.
• Digital divides తగ్గించడం, digital inclusion, safe and secure digital space, data governance మరియు enhanced international governance of artificial intelligence దాని objectivesలో ఉన్నాయి.
• ఇది United Nations Convention against Cybercrime నుంచి distinct.
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which statement best illustrates India's participation in international cyber diplomacy?
International cyber diplomacyలో India's participationను అత్యంత సరైన విధంగా చూపే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• India participates in multilateral and bilateral cyber diplomacy.
• The eighth EU-India Cyber Dialogue was held in New Delhi on 20 March 2025.
• Discussions included cyber threats, policy and legislation, supply-chain and product security, emerging technologies, cyber capacity-building and cooperation in the UN OEWG, which was still operating at that time.
• The eighth EU-India Cyber Dialogue was held in New Delhi on 20 March 2025.
• Discussions included cyber threats, policy and legislation, supply-chain and product security, emerging technologies, cyber capacity-building and cooperation in the UN OEWG, which was still operating at that time.
వివరణ:
• India multilateral మరియు bilateral cyber diplomacyలో participate చేస్తుంది.
• Eighth EU-India Cyber Dialogue 20 మార్చి 2025న New Delhiలో జరిగింది.
• Cyber threats, policy/legislation, supply-chain/product security, emerging technologies, cyber capacity-building మరియు ఆ సమయంలో ఇంకా operatingలో ఉన్న UN OEWG cooperationపై discussions జరిగాయి.
• Eighth EU-India Cyber Dialogue 20 మార్చి 2025న New Delhiలో జరిగింది.
• Cyber threats, policy/legislation, supply-chain/product security, emerging technologies, cyber capacity-building మరియు ఆ సమయంలో ఇంకా operatingలో ఉన్న UN OEWG cooperationపై discussions జరిగాయి.
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which statement correctly distinguishes India's CERT-In from international cyber-diplomacy mechanisms?
India CERT-Inను international cyber-diplomacy mechanisms నుంచి సరైన విధంగా వేరు చేసే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• CERT-In is designated under Indian law as the national nodal agency for responding to cyber-security incidents.
• Its functions include collection and analysis of incident information, alerts, incident-response coordination and security advisories.
• UN cyber-diplomacy processes do not replace national incident-response bodies and do not make CERT-In an international attribution tribunal.
• Its functions include collection and analysis of incident information, alerts, incident-response coordination and security advisories.
• UN cyber-diplomacy processes do not replace national incident-response bodies and do not make CERT-In an international attribution tribunal.
వివరణ:
• Indian law కింద cyber-security incidentsకు response కోసం CERT-In national nodal agencyగా designated అయింది.
• Incident information collection/analysis, alerts, incident-response coordination మరియు security advisories దాని functionsలో ఉన్నాయి.
• UN cyber-diplomacy processes national incident-response bodiesను replace చేయవు; CERT-Inను international attribution tribunalగా మార్చవు.
• Incident information collection/analysis, alerts, incident-response coordination మరియు security advisories దాని functionsలో ఉన్నాయి.
• UN cyber-diplomacy processes national incident-response bodiesను replace చేయవు; CERT-Inను international attribution tribunalగా మార్చవు.
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which statement best distinguishes cybercrime cooperation from the UN international-security framework on responsible State behaviour?
Cybercrime cooperationను UN international-security framework on responsible State behaviour నుంచి అత్యంత సరైన విధంగా వేరు చేసే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cybercrime and international cyber security can overlap operationally but are not legally or institutionally identical.
• Cybercrime treaties principally concern criminalization, investigation, electronic evidence and international criminal-justice cooperation.
• The UN responsible-State-behaviour process focuses on State conduct and international-security risks and should not be treated as a cybercrime prosecution mechanism.
• Cybercrime treaties principally concern criminalization, investigation, electronic evidence and international criminal-justice cooperation.
• The UN responsible-State-behaviour process focuses on State conduct and international-security risks and should not be treated as a cybercrime prosecution mechanism.
వివరణ:
• Cybercrime మరియు international cyber security operationally overlap కావచ్చు కానీ legally లేదా institutionally identical కావు.
• Cybercrime treaties ప్రధానంగా criminalization, investigation, electronic evidence మరియు international criminal-justice cooperationతో సంబంధం ఉంటాయి.
• UN responsible-State-behaviour process State conduct మరియు international-security risksపై focus చేస్తుంది; దాన్ని cybercrime prosecution mechanismగా treat చేయకూడదు.
• Cybercrime treaties ప్రధానంగా criminalization, investigation, electronic evidence మరియు international criminal-justice cooperationతో సంబంధం ఉంటాయి.
• UN responsible-State-behaviour process State conduct మరియు international-security risksపై focus చేస్తుంది; దాన్ని cybercrime prosecution mechanismగా treat చేయకూడదు.
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which conclusion about cyber attribution is the most defensible in an exam-oriented international-relations context?
Exam-oriented international-relations contextలో cyber attributionపై అత్యంత defensible conclusion ఏది?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cyber attribution can be technically, evidentially, politically and legally complex.
• The UN framework recognizes attribution challenges and emphasizes consideration of relevant information and context and substantiation of accusations against States.
• Exam questions should therefore distinguish established facts from allegations or assessments attributed to particular governments, institutions or investigators.
• The UN framework recognizes attribution challenges and emphasizes consideration of relevant information and context and substantiation of accusations against States.
• Exam questions should therefore distinguish established facts from allegations or assessments attributed to particular governments, institutions or investigators.
వివరణ:
• Cyber attribution technically, evidentially, politically మరియు legally complex కావచ్చు.
• UN framework attribution challengesను recognize చేసి relevant information/context consideration మరియు Statesపై accusations substantiationను emphasize చేస్తుంది.
• అందువల్ల exam questions established factsను particular governments, institutions లేదా investigatorsకు attributed allegations/assessments నుంచి distinguish చేయాలి.
• UN framework attribution challengesను recognize చేసి relevant information/context consideration మరియు Statesపై accusations substantiationను emphasize చేస్తుంది.
• అందువల్ల exam questions established factsను particular governments, institutions లేదా investigatorsకు attributed allegations/assessments నుంచి distinguish చేయాలి.
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. International cyber governance combines existing international law, voluntary norms of responsible State behaviour, confidence-building and capacity-building mechanisms, diplomatic processes and separate treaties dealing with matters such as cybercrime సమాధానం: B. International cyber governanceలో existing international law, voluntary norms of responsible State behaviour, confidence-building మరియు capacity-building mechanisms, diplomatic processes, అలాగే cybercrime వంటి mattersపై separate treaties కలిసి పనిచేస్తాయి
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: C. International law, and in particular the Charter of the United Nations, is applicable to State conduct involving ICTs సమాధానం: C. ICTsకు సంబంధించిన State conductపై international law, ముఖ్యంగా Charter of the United Nations, వర్తిస్తుంది
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. They are voluntary, non-binding norms intended to promote an open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful ICT environment సమాధానం: A. Open, secure, stable, accessible మరియు peaceful ICT environmentను promote చేయడానికి ఉద్దేశించిన voluntary, non-binding norms
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. A State should not conduct or knowingly support ICT activity contrary to its obligations under international law that intentionally damages critical infrastructure or otherwise impairs its use and operation to provide services to the public సమాధానం: D. International law obligationsకు contraryగా critical infrastructureను intentionally damage చేసే లేదా publicకు services అందించడంలో దాని use/operationను impair చేసే ICT activityను State conduct లేదా knowingly support చేయకూడదు
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. States should not conduct or knowingly support activity intended to harm the information systems of another State's authorized emergency response teams and should not use their own authorized response teams to engage in malicious international activity సమాధానం: B. మరో State authorized emergency response teams information systemsను harm చేయడానికి intended activityను States conduct లేదా knowingly support చేయకూడదు; తమ own authorized response teamsను malicious international activity కోసం ఉపయోగించకూడదు
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: C. States should consider all relevant information, including the broader context, the challenges of attribution and the nature and extent of the consequences, and accusations against States should be substantiated సమాధానం: C. States all relevant informationతో పాటు broader context, attribution challenges మరియు consequences nature/extentను consider చేయాలి; Statesపై accusations substantiatedగా ఉండాలి
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: A. It was an inclusive UN intergovernmental process examining threats, international law, norms, confidence-building, capacity-building and regular institutional dialogue, and it concluded its mandate in 2025 సమాధానం: A. Threats, international law, norms, confidence-building, capacity-building మరియు regular institutional dialogueను examine చేసిన inclusive UN intergovernmental process; ఇది 2025లో తన mandateను conclude చేసింది
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. It is an inclusive and universal, open-ended, action-oriented permanent UN mechanism for continuing dialogue and practical work on international ICT security and responsible State behaviour; its first substantive plenary was held in July 2026 సమాధానం: D. International ICT security మరియు responsible State behaviourపై continuing dialogue/practical work కోసం inclusive and universal, open-ended, action-oriented permanent UN mechanism; first substantive plenary July 2026లో జరిగింది
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. Existing and potential threats; international law; rules, norms and principles of responsible State behaviour; confidence-building measures; and capacity-building సమాధానం: B. Existing and potential threats; international law; rules, norms and principles of responsible State behaviour; confidence-building measures; మరియు capacity-building
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: C. To improve communication, transparency, cooperation and predictability so as to reduce misunderstanding, misperception and risks of escalation or conflict సమాధానం: C. Communication, transparency, cooperation మరియు predictabilityను improve చేసి misunderstanding, misperception మరియు escalation లేదా conflict risksను తగ్గించడం
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: A. Criminalization and international cooperation concerning specified cybercrime offences, together with mechanisms for obtaining and sharing electronic evidence concerning serious crimes subject to the Convention సమాధానం: A. Specified cybercrime offencesకు సంబంధించిన criminalization మరియు international cooperationతో పాటు Conventionకు subject అయిన serious crimes విషయంలో electronic evidenceను obtain/share చేసే mechanisms
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. The General Assembly adopted it on 24 December 2024; it was open for signature in Hanoi on 25–26 October 2025 and thereafter at UN Headquarters until 31 December 2026; it enters into force on the ninetieth day after deposit of the 40th qualifying instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession సమాధానం: D. General Assembly 24 డిసెంబర్ 2024న adopt చేసింది; 25–26 అక్టోబర్ 2025న Hanoiలో signatureకు open అయి, తరువాత 31 డిసెంబర్ 2026 వరకు UN Headquartersలో signatureకు openగా ఉంటుంది; 40వ qualifying instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval లేదా accession deposit అయిన తర్వాత 90వ రోజున అమల్లోకి వస్తుంది
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. The Treaty Collection lists 95 signatories and 3 parties, but the Convention is not yet in force because the 40-instrument threshold has not been reached సమాధానం: B. Treaty Collection 95 signatories మరియు 3 partiesను list చేస్తోంది; కానీ 40-instrument threshold చేరకపోవడంతో Convention ఇంకా అమల్లోకి రాలేదు
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. India signed the Convention on 25 September 2026, but no Indian ratification, acceptance, approval or accession instrument is recorded in that status, so India is not listed among the three parties సమాధానం: B. India 25 సెప్టెంబర్ 2026న Conventionపై sign చేసింది; కానీ ఆ statusలో India ratification, acceptance, approval లేదా accession instrument record కాలేదు, కాబట్టి మూడు partiesలో India listed కాదు
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. It is the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, a legally binding treaty open to accession by non-European States under its procedure; India has not acceded to it సమాధానం: C. ఇది Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime; దాని procedure ప్రకారం non-European States accessionకు కూడా open ఉన్న legally binding treaty; India దీనికి accede కాలేదు
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. The UN responsible-State-behaviour norms are voluntary and non-binding; the Budapest Convention is a treaty already in force for its parties; the UN Convention against Cybercrime is also a treaty instrument but is not yet in force, so its full treaty obligations have not yet become operative under the Convention సమాధానం: A. UN responsible-State-behaviour norms voluntary మరియు non-binding; Budapest Convention తన partiesకు ఇప్పటికే అమల్లో ఉన్న treaty; UN Convention against Cybercrime కూడా treaty instrument కానీ ఇంకా అమల్లోకి రాలేదు, కాబట్టి Convention కింద దాని full treaty obligations ఇంకా operative కాలేదు
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: D. It is a broad United Nations framework for digital cooperation, including digital inclusion, data governance, a safe and secure digital space and international governance of artificial intelligence; it is not the UN cybercrime treaty సమాధానం: D. ఇది digital inclusion, data governance, safe and secure digital space మరియు international governance of artificial intelligenceతో సహా digital cooperationకు సంబంధించిన broad United Nations framework; ఇది UN cybercrime treaty కాదు
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: A. India participates in UN cyber-security processes and bilateral cyber dialogues; for example, the eighth EU-India Cyber Dialogue in New Delhi on 20 March 2025 discussed the cyber-threat landscape, policy and legislation, supply-chain and product security, emerging technologies, capacity-building and cooperation in the then ongoing UN OEWG సమాధానం: A. India UN cyber-security processes మరియు bilateral cyber dialoguesలో participate చేస్తుంది; ఉదాహరణకు 20 మార్చి 2025న New Delhiలో జరిగిన eighth EU-India Cyber Dialogue cyber-threat landscape, policy/legislation, supply-chain మరియు product security, emerging technologies, capacity-building మరియు అప్పట్లో ongoingగా ఉన్న UN OEWG cooperationను discuss చేసింది
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. CERT-In is India's national nodal agency for responding to computer-security incidents, whereas UN cyber mechanisms primarily provide frameworks for international dialogue, norms, cooperation and capacity-building సమాధానం: C. CERT-In computer-security incidentsకు respond చేసే India's national nodal agency; UN cyber mechanisms ప్రధానంగా international dialogue, norms, cooperation మరియు capacity-buildingకు frameworksను అందిస్తాయి
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: B. Cybercrime cooperation focuses on criminal offences, investigation, electronic evidence and law-enforcement or judicial cooperation, while the UN responsible-State-behaviour framework primarily addresses international peace and security, State conduct, international law, norms, confidence-building and capacity-building సమాధానం: B. Cybercrime cooperation criminal offences, investigation, electronic evidence మరియు law-enforcement/judicial cooperationపై focus చేస్తుంది; UN responsible-State-behaviour framework ప్రధానంగా international peace/security, State conduct, international law, norms, confidence-building మరియు capacity-buildingను address చేస్తుంది
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: C. Attribution may involve technical, contextual, intelligence, diplomatic and legal assessments, so claims should be described according to the evidence and the authority making them rather than presented as established fact without adequate support సమాధానం: C. Attributionలో technical, contextual, intelligence, diplomatic మరియు legal assessments ఉండవచ్చు; కాబట్టి adequate support లేకుండా established factగా చెప్పకుండా evidence మరియు claim చేస్తున్న authority ప్రకారం attribution claimsను describe చేయాలి