Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which of the following represents the correct general order of memory levels from the fastest and closest to the CPU toward the slower and larger-capacity storage?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• CPU registers are normally the fastest storage locations and are located within the processor.
• Cache comes next, followed by main memory such as RAM.
• Secondary storage provides much greater capacity but is generally slower and farther from the CPU.
• Cache comes next, followed by main memory such as RAM.
• Secondary storage provides much greater capacity but is generally slower and farther from the CPU.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Consider the following characteristics of a typical memory hierarchy:
1. Access speed generally decreases as we move farther from the CPU.
2. Storage capacity generally increases as we move down the hierarchy.
3. Cost per bit generally decreases as we move toward secondary storage.
4. Registers normally have greater capacity than hard disks.
Which statements are correct?
1. Access speed generally decreases as we move farther from the CPU.
2. Storage capacity generally increases as we move down the hierarchy.
3. Cost per bit generally decreases as we move toward secondary storage.
4. Registers normally have greater capacity than hard disks.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Higher levels of memory are faster, smaller and more expensive per bit.
• Lower levels normally provide larger capacity at lower cost per bit but with greater access time.
• Registers have extremely small capacity compared with secondary storage.
• Lower levels normally provide larger capacity at lower cost per bit but with greater access time.
• Registers have extremely small capacity compared with secondary storage.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which memory level is primarily intended to hold data and instructions that the CPU is using immediately during instruction execution?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Registers are very small, extremely fast storage locations inside the CPU.
• They hold operands, addresses, instructions or intermediate values needed immediately by the processor.
• Secondary storage is designed for long-term retention rather than immediate CPU execution.
• They hold operands, addresses, instructions or intermediate values needed immediately by the processor.
• Secondary storage is designed for long-term retention rather than immediate CPU execution.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Why is cache memory placed between the CPU and main memory in the memory hierarchy?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cache is faster than ordinary main memory and stores data or instructions likely to be needed by the CPU.
• Successful cache accesses reduce the need to wait for slower main-memory accesses.
• Cache therefore helps bridge the speed difference between the processor and RAM.
• Successful cache accesses reduce the need to wait for slower main-memory accesses.
• Cache therefore helps bridge the speed difference between the processor and RAM.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
A computer designer moves a frequently required value from RAM into a processor register. Which change is most directly expected?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Registers are located within the processor and provide faster access than main memory.
• Moving an immediately required value into a register reduces the access delay for processor operations.
• Register storage is temporary and does not provide permanent non-volatile retention.
• Moving an immediately required value into a register reduces the access delay for processor operations.
• Register storage is temporary and does not provide permanent non-volatile retention.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which statement best describes the relationship between memory speed and cost per bit in a typical memory hierarchy?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• High-speed storage such as registers and cache is comparatively expensive for each bit of capacity.
• Main memory and especially secondary storage provide greater capacity at a lower cost per bit.
• The hierarchy balances performance against cost and capacity.
• Main memory and especially secondary storage provide greater capacity at a lower cost per bit.
• The hierarchy balances performance against cost and capacity.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Match List I with List II:
List I
(a) Registers
(b) Cache
(c) Main memory
(d) Secondary storage
List II
1. Large non-volatile storage
2. Very small storage inside the CPU
3. Temporary primary working memory
4. High-speed memory between CPU and main memory
Choose the correct matching code.
List I
(a) Registers
(b) Cache
(c) Main memory
(d) Secondary storage
List II
1. Large non-volatile storage
2. Very small storage inside the CPU
3. Temporary primary working memory
4. High-speed memory between CPU and main memory
Choose the correct matching code.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Registers are very small CPU-internal storage locations, giving (a)-2.
• Cache is high-speed memory between the processor and main memory, giving (b)-4.
• Main memory is temporary working storage, while secondary storage provides large non-volatile capacity, giving (c)-3 and (d)-1.
• Cache is high-speed memory between the processor and main memory, giving (b)-4.
• Main memory is temporary working storage, while secondary storage provides large non-volatile capacity, giving (c)-3 and (d)-1.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which of the following generally provides the largest storage capacity in a conventional computer memory hierarchy?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Secondary-storage devices such as SSDs and hard disks normally provide capacities far greater than registers, cache or RAM.
• The trade-off is that their access time is much higher than that of memory closer to the CPU.
• This large-capacity, lower-speed role places secondary storage near the lower levels of the hierarchy.
• The trade-off is that their access time is much higher than that of memory closer to the CPU.
• This large-capacity, lower-speed role places secondary storage near the lower levels of the hierarchy.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which statement about memory hierarchy is NOT correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• CPU registers are among the fastest storage locations in a computer.
• Secondary storage is far slower than registers and is used primarily for large-capacity persistent storage.
• Cache being faster than RAM and RAM having greater capacity than registers are normal hierarchy characteristics.
• Secondary storage is far slower than registers and is used primarily for large-capacity persistent storage.
• Cache being faster than RAM and RAM having greater capacity than registers are normal hierarchy characteristics.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
A system has a small amount of very fast memory and a much larger amount of relatively slower memory. What is the main purpose of organizing memory in this hierarchical manner?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Extremely fast memory is costly and therefore cannot economically be provided in very large quantities.
• Larger, slower and less expensive memory provides the required capacity.
• A hierarchy combines these levels to achieve useful performance without excessive cost.
• Larger, slower and less expensive memory provides the required capacity.
• A hierarchy combines these levels to achieve useful performance without excessive cost.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Which of the following memory levels generally has the lowest access time?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Access time represents how long a memory system takes to supply requested information.
• CPU registers have the lowest access time among the listed levels because they reside directly within the processor.
• RAM and secondary-storage devices require comparatively longer access times.
• CPU registers have the lowest access time among the listed levels because they reside directly within the processor.
• RAM and secondary-storage devices require comparatively longer access times.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Assertion (A): Cache memory is usually smaller than main memory.
Reason (R): High-speed memory used near the CPU is comparatively expensive per bit, so only a limited capacity is normally provided.
Choose the correct answer.
Reason (R): High-speed memory used near the CPU is comparatively expensive per bit, so only a limited capacity is normally provided.
Choose the correct answer.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cache is built using faster memory technology than ordinary main memory and is therefore more expensive per bit.
• Its capacity is consequently kept much smaller than system RAM in practical computer designs.
• The Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• Its capacity is consequently kept much smaller than system RAM in practical computer designs.
• The Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
If a computer contains registers, cache, RAM and an SSD, which of the following is generally farthest from the CPU in the logical memory hierarchy?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Registers are inside the processor and cache is positioned close to the CPU.
• Main memory is farther away in the hierarchy than registers and cache.
• An SSD is secondary storage and therefore occupies a lower and more distant level of the hierarchy.
• Main memory is farther away in the hierarchy than registers and cache.
• An SSD is secondary storage and therefore occupies a lower and more distant level of the hierarchy.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which pair is correctly matched with respect to a typical memory hierarchy?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cache is designed for higher-speed access and is normally much smaller than main memory.
• Registers have very small capacity, while hard disks have much higher access times than CPU-internal memory.
• RAM is slower than processor registers in a conventional hierarchy.
• Registers have very small capacity, while hard disks have much higher access times than CPU-internal memory.
• RAM is slower than processor registers in a conventional hierarchy.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
As one moves from CPU registers toward secondary storage in a typical hierarchy, which combination of trends is generally observed?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Lower levels of the hierarchy normally provide progressively larger storage capacities.
• Their access speeds are lower than those of registers and cache.
• They are also generally less expensive per bit, enabling economical large-scale storage.
• Their access speeds are lower than those of registers and cache.
• They are also generally less expensive per bit, enabling economical large-scale storage.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
A processor repeatedly requires the same small set of instructions. Which memory level is specifically designed to improve access speed by keeping such frequently needed information closer to the CPU than main memory?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cache stores selected data and instructions close to the processor so that repeated accesses can be served quickly.
• It operates at a higher level of the hierarchy than main memory.
• Optical discs, magnetic tape and external hard disks are secondary-storage technologies.
• It operates at a higher level of the hierarchy than main memory.
• Optical discs, magnetic tape and external hard disks are secondary-storage technologies.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Consider the following memory levels:
1. Cache
2. Secondary storage
3. CPU registers
4. Main memory
Which sequence arranges them in decreasing order of typical access speed?
1. Cache
2. Secondary storage
3. CPU registers
4. Main memory
Which sequence arranges them in decreasing order of typical access speed?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• CPU registers provide the fastest access among the listed levels.
• Cache follows registers, while main memory is slower than cache.
• Secondary storage is the slowest among these levels, giving Registers → Cache → Main memory → Secondary storage.
• Cache follows registers, while main memory is slower than cache.
• Secondary storage is the slowest among these levels, giving Registers → Cache → Main memory → Secondary storage.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Why would replacing all system RAM with an equally large amount of register-like storage be economically impractical in an ordinary computer?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Extremely fast storage located at the top of the hierarchy is expensive to implement in large capacities.
• Computer designs therefore use small amounts of registers and cache together with larger amounts of less expensive RAM.
• This arrangement is one of the fundamental reasons for using a memory hierarchy.
• Computer designs therefore use small amounts of registers and cache together with larger amounts of less expensive RAM.
• This arrangement is one of the fundamental reasons for using a memory hierarchy.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which statement most accurately compares main memory with secondary storage?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Main memory is designed for relatively fast access by the processor during active computation.
• Secondary storage generally provides much greater capacity but requires longer access time.
• The two levels therefore serve different roles within the memory hierarchy.
• Secondary storage generally provides much greater capacity but requires longer access time.
• The two levels therefore serve different roles within the memory hierarchy.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which of the following correctly describes the general relationship between proximity to the CPU and memory speed?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The upper levels of the hierarchy are placed logically and physically closer to the processor to provide rapid access.
• Registers and cache therefore have lower access times than main memory and secondary storage.
• Increasing distance down the hierarchy generally accompanies lower speed and greater capacity.
• Registers and cache therefore have lower access times than main memory and secondary storage.
• Increasing distance down the hierarchy generally accompanies lower speed and greater capacity.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. Registers → Cache → RAM → Secondary Storage సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3 only సమాధానం: A.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: D. CPU registers సమాధానం: D.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. To replace all CPU registers సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. The value can generally be accessed more quickly by the CPU. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. All memory levels have approximately the same cost per bit. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: D. (a)-2, (b)-4, (c)-3, (d)-1 సమాధానం: D.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. Secondary storage సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: C. Secondary storage is generally faster than CPU registers. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. To obtain a practical balance among speed, capacity and cost సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. Hard disk సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: B. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. SSD సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: D. Cache — faster and usually smaller than main memory సమాధానం: D.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. Capacity increases, speed decreases, cost per bit decreases. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: B. Cache memory సమాధానం: B.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: C. 3 → 1 → 4 → 2 సమాధానం: C.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: D. Registers are necessarily non-electronic devices. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: B. Main memory is generally faster and smaller in capacity than secondary storage. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Memory nearer the CPU is generally faster, while memory farther away in the hierarchy is generally slower. సమాధానం: A.