Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
A computer system is described as using vacuum tubes for electronic circuitry, magnetic drums for memory and punched cards for input. To which generation does it belong?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• First-generation electronic computers primarily used vacuum tubes as their switching technology.
• Magnetic drums and punched-card based input/output were also common in early systems.
• Second-generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, while later generations introduced integrated circuits and microprocessors.
• Magnetic drums and punched-card based input/output were also common in early systems.
• Second-generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, while later generations introduced integrated circuits and microprocessors.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which technological change most directly distinguished second-generation computers from first-generation computers?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The defining hardware transition from the first to the second generation was the replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors.
• Transistors were smaller, more reliable and more power-efficient than vacuum tubes.
• This change reduced heat generation and physical size while improving overall system reliability.
• Transistors were smaller, more reliable and more power-efficient than vacuum tubes.
• This change reduced heat generation and physical size while improving overall system reliability.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which of the following correctly gives the conventional chronological order of the principal hardware technologies used in the first four computer generations?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• First-generation computers used vacuum tubes.
• Transistors characterized the second generation, followed by integrated circuits in the third generation.
• Microprocessors became the defining technology of the fourth generation.
• Transistors characterized the second generation, followed by integrated circuits in the third generation.
• Microprocessors became the defining technology of the fourth generation.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
IBM 1401 is commonly classified under which generation of computers?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• IBM 1401 was a transistor-based computer and is commonly classified as a second-generation system.
• Second-generation computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
• Integrated-circuit based systems belong to the third generation, while microprocessor systems belong to the fourth.
• Second-generation computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
• Integrated-circuit based systems belong to the third generation, while microprocessor systems belong to the fourth.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which of the following statements about third-generation computers is NOT correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Third-generation computers were characterized by integrated circuits, not a return to vacuum tubes.
• Integrated circuits improved reliability and reduced size compared with systems based on large numbers of discrete transistors.
• More advanced operating-system concepts, including multiprogramming and time-sharing, became increasingly important during this era.
• Integrated circuits improved reliability and reduced size compared with systems based on large numbers of discrete transistors.
• More advanced operating-system concepts, including multiprogramming and time-sharing, became increasingly important during this era.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which computer family is widely associated with the third generation and is historically important for introducing a compatible family of computers with a common architectural approach?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• IBM System/360 is widely associated with third-generation computing.
• It used integrated-circuit technology and represented an important family of compatible computer systems.
• ENIAC and UNIVAC I belong to the vacuum-tube era, while IBM 1401 is associated with transistor-based second-generation computing.
• It used integrated-circuit technology and represented an important family of compatible computer systems.
• ENIAC and UNIVAC I belong to the vacuum-tube era, while IBM 1401 is associated with transistor-based second-generation computing.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
The development of the microprocessor is most directly associated with which generation of computers?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Fourth-generation computers are defined principally by the development and widespread use of microprocessors.
• A microprocessor integrates the principal processing functions of the CPU onto a semiconductor chip.
• This development made smaller and less expensive personal computers practical.
• A microprocessor integrates the principal processing functions of the CPU onto a semiconductor chip.
• This development made smaller and less expensive personal computers practical.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Why is the Intel 4004 important in the history of computer hardware?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Intel introduced the 4004 in 1971, and it is widely recognized as the first commercially available microprocessor.
• Its significance lies in integrating CPU processing functions onto a single chip.
• The microprocessor became the foundation of fourth-generation computing.
• Its significance lies in integrating CPU processing functions onto a single chip.
• The microprocessor became the foundation of fourth-generation computing.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which of the following generation–technology pairs is correctly matched?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Integrated circuits are the characteristic hardware technology of third-generation computers.
• First-generation systems used vacuum tubes, while second-generation systems used transistors.
• Fourth-generation computers are associated with microprocessors.
• First-generation systems used vacuum tubes, while second-generation systems used transistors.
• Fourth-generation computers are associated with microprocessors.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Consider the following statements:
1. Transistors generally consumed less power than vacuum tubes.
2. Integrated circuits allowed multiple electronic components to be fabricated on a single semiconductor chip.
3. Microprocessors contributed significantly to the development of personal computers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. Transistors generally consumed less power than vacuum tubes.
2. Integrated circuits allowed multiple electronic components to be fabricated on a single semiconductor chip.
3. Microprocessors contributed significantly to the development of personal computers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Transistors were more power-efficient and generated less heat than vacuum tubes.
• Integrated circuits increased component density by placing multiple electronic components on semiconductor chips.
• Microprocessors greatly reduced processor size and cost and enabled the rapid development of personal computers.
• Integrated circuits increased component density by placing multiple electronic components on semiconductor chips.
• Microprocessors greatly reduced processor size and cost and enabled the rapid development of personal computers.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
In the conventional description of computer generations, fifth-generation computing is most closely associated with:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• In conventional competitive-exam classification, fifth-generation computers are associated with artificial intelligence and advanced processing techniques.
• Parallel processing and very high levels of semiconductor integration are commonly linked with this generation.
• Vacuum tubes, discrete transistors and early integrated circuits belong to earlier generations.
• Parallel processing and very high levels of semiconductor integration are commonly linked with this generation.
• Vacuum tubes, discrete transistors and early integrated circuits belong to earlier generations.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which development in semiconductor technology most directly supported the increasing complexity and compactness of fourth-generation computers?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) enabled very large numbers of electronic components to be placed on semiconductor chips.
• These developments supported increasingly powerful microprocessors and memory devices.
• Greater integration helped reduce physical size and cost while increasing performance.
• These developments supported increasingly powerful microprocessors and memory devices.
• Greater integration helped reduce physical size and cost while increasing performance.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Which statement best summarizes the general trend in computer hardware from the first generation to later generations?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Successive hardware generations generally increased semiconductor integration and computational capability.
• Computer systems became smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient relative to earlier technology.
• Storage capacity also increased significantly rather than decreasing.
• Computer systems became smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient relative to earlier technology.
• Storage capacity also increased significantly rather than decreasing.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which of the following was NOT a typical limitation of first-generation vacuum-tube computers?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Vacuum tubes generated substantial heat, so very low heat generation was not a characteristic of first-generation computers.
• These systems were physically large and consumed considerable electrical power.
• Vacuum-tube failures also contributed to comparatively low reliability.
• These systems were physically large and consumed considerable electrical power.
• Vacuum-tube failures also contributed to comparatively low reliability.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
ENIAC is generally classified as a first-generation computer primarily because it used:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes in its electronic circuitry.
• Vacuum-tube technology is the defining hardware characteristic of first-generation electronic computers.
• Integrated circuits and microprocessors appeared in later generations.
• Vacuum-tube technology is the defining hardware characteristic of first-generation electronic computers.
• Integrated circuits and microprocessors appeared in later generations.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Arrange the following systems or technologies in their correct historical sequence from earliest to latest:
1. ENIAC
2. IBM 1401
3. IBM System/360
4. Microprocessor-based personal computers
1. ENIAC
2. IBM 1401
3. IBM System/360
4. Microprocessor-based personal computers
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• ENIAC belongs to the first-generation vacuum-tube era.
• IBM 1401 followed as a transistor-based second-generation system.
• IBM System/360 represents the integrated-circuit third generation, followed by microprocessor-based fourth-generation personal computers.
• IBM 1401 followed as a transistor-based second-generation system.
• IBM System/360 represents the integrated-circuit third generation, followed by microprocessor-based fourth-generation personal computers.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Assertion (A): Second-generation computers were generally more reliable than first-generation computers.
Reason (R): Transistors used in second-generation computers were smaller, consumed less power and generated less heat than vacuum tubes.
Choose the correct answer.
Reason (R): Transistors used in second-generation computers were smaller, consumed less power and generated less heat than vacuum tubes.
Choose the correct answer.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Second-generation systems were generally more reliable than vacuum-tube based first-generation systems.
• Transistors were smaller, consumed less electrical power and produced less heat than vacuum tubes.
• These characteristics directly contributed to improved reliability, making the Reason a valid explanation of the Assertion.
• Transistors were smaller, consumed less electrical power and produced less heat than vacuum tubes.
• These characteristics directly contributed to improved reliability, making the Reason a valid explanation of the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which improvement is most appropriately associated with the transition from second-generation to third-generation computers?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Third-generation technology replaced many circuits made from separate transistors with integrated circuits.
• Integrated circuits allowed multiple electronic components to be fabricated together on semiconductor material.
• This increased component density and improved speed, reliability and compactness.
• Integrated circuits allowed multiple electronic components to be fabricated together on semiconductor material.
• This increased component density and improved speed, reliability and compactness.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which statement about computer generations is the most accurate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Computer generations are broad historical classifications based mainly on major developments in hardware technology.
• Technological transitions occurred gradually, so exact boundaries can vary among historical descriptions.
• Older technologies did not disappear instantly when newer technologies emerged.
• Technological transitions occurred gradually, so exact boundaries can vary among historical descriptions.
• Older technologies did not disappear instantly when newer technologies emerged.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Match List I with List II:
List I
(a) First generation
(b) Second generation
(c) Third generation
(d) Fourth generation
List II
1. Integrated circuits
2. Microprocessors
3. Vacuum tubes
4. Transistors
Choose the correct matching code.
List I
(a) First generation
(b) Second generation
(c) Third generation
(d) Fourth generation
List II
1. Integrated circuits
2. Microprocessors
3. Vacuum tubes
4. Transistors
Choose the correct matching code.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• First-generation computers used vacuum tubes, so (a) matches 3.
• Second-generation computers used transistors, giving (b)-4.
• Third-generation computers used integrated circuits, while fourth-generation computers were based on microprocessors, giving (c)-1 and (d)-2.
• Second-generation computers used transistors, giving (b)-4.
• Third-generation computers used integrated circuits, while fourth-generation computers were based on microprocessors, giving (c)-1 and (d)-2.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. First generation సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: D. Replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors సమాధానం: D.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. Vacuum tubes → Transistors → Integrated circuits → Microprocessors సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. Second generation సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: D. Vacuum tubes were reintroduced as the principal switching elements. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. IBM System/360 సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Fourth generation సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: A. It is widely recognized as the first commercially available microprocessor. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: C. Third generation — Integrated circuits సమాధానం: C.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3 సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. Artificial-intelligence-oriented systems and advanced parallel processing సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: B. Large Scale Integration and Very Large Scale Integration సమాధానం: B.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. Component integration increased while size, power consumption and cost per computation generally decreased. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. Very low heat generation సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. Vacuum tubes సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 సమాధానం: D.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. Replacement of many discrete transistor circuits by integrated circuits సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. Computer generations mainly describe major technological stages, and transitions between them may overlap historically. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. (a)-3, (b)-4, (c)-1, (d)-2 సమాధానం: C.