Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which distinction is central to Noam Chomsky's early generative linguistics?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Competence is the speaker-hearer's internal knowledge of language.
• Performance is the actual use of language in concrete situations.
• Chomsky introduced this distinction to separate linguistic knowledge from memory limitations, distractions and errors.
• Langue and parole and the other paired terms are associated primarily with Ferdinand de Saussure.
• Performance is the actual use of language in concrete situations.
• Chomsky introduced this distinction to separate linguistic knowledge from memory limitations, distractions and errors.
• Langue and parole and the other paired terms are associated primarily with Ferdinand de Saussure.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In Chomsky's framework, linguistic competence refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Linguistic competence is the tacit knowledge that enables speakers to produce and understand sentences.
• It includes knowledge of grammatical structure that speakers may not be able to state explicitly.
• Performance is the actual manifestation of that knowledge in speaking and understanding.
• Social prestige, corpus frequency and historical change belong to other kinds of analysis.
• It includes knowledge of grammatical structure that speakers may not be able to state explicitly.
• Performance is the actual manifestation of that knowledge in speaking and understanding.
• Social prestige, corpus frequency and historical change belong to other kinds of analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which example best illustrates linguistic performance rather than competence?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Performance includes actual speech behaviour, including pauses, hesitations and slips of the tongue.
• Such errors do not necessarily indicate a defect in the speaker's underlying grammatical knowledge.
• Knowledge of syntactic categories and sentence-forming principles belongs to competence.
• The competence-performance distinction separates idealized knowledge from its imperfect use.
• Such errors do not necessarily indicate a defect in the speaker's underlying grammatical knowledge.
• Knowledge of syntactic categories and sentence-forming principles belongs to competence.
• The competence-performance distinction separates idealized knowledge from its imperfect use.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Transformational-generative grammar aims primarily to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Generative grammar seeks an explicit account of the rules that generate the well-formed sentences of a language.
• A finite set of rules can produce an indefinitely large number of structures.
• Transformations relate one structural configuration to another under specified conditions.
• The theory therefore goes beyond the mere listing of observed utterances.
• A finite set of rules can produce an indefinitely large number of structures.
• Transformations relate one structural configuration to another under specified conditions.
• The theory therefore goes beyond the mere listing of observed utterances.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which work by Noam Chomsky, published in 1957, became foundational for transformational-generative grammar?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Syntactic Structures was published in 1957 and presented an influential early model of transformational-generative grammar.
• It argued for a formal grammar capable of generating grammatical sentences.
• Language is associated with Leonard Bloomfield, and Course in General Linguistics with Ferdinand de Saussure.
• The Meaning of Meaning was written by C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards.
• It argued for a formal grammar capable of generating grammatical sentences.
• Language is associated with Leonard Bloomfield, and Course in General Linguistics with Ferdinand de Saussure.
• The Meaning of Meaning was written by C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
In early transformational grammar, deep structure was intended to represent:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Deep structure was conceived as an underlying syntactic representation associated with basic grammatical relations.
• Transformations mapped underlying structures to surface structures.
• Surface structure represented the more overt organization of a sentence before phonetic interpretation.
• Later versions of generative grammar revised and eventually abandoned the original deep-structure concept.
• Transformations mapped underlying structures to surface structures.
• Surface structure represented the more overt organization of a sentence before phonetic interpretation.
• Later versions of generative grammar revised and eventually abandoned the original deep-structure concept.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Surface structure in early transformational-generative grammar refers most closely to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Surface structure is the overt syntactic representation produced after relevant transformations apply.
• It is more directly connected with the sentence's pronounced or written form.
• Deep structure and surface structure were distinct levels in early transformational theory.
• The terminology should not be confused with social, semantic or historical description.
• It is more directly connected with the sentence's pronounced or written form.
• Deep structure and surface structure were distinct levels in early transformational theory.
• The terminology should not be confused with social, semantic or historical description.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which process relates an active sentence such as The committee approved the proposal to its passive counterpart?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A transformation changes one syntactic configuration into another while preserving systematic relations between them.
• Passive formation was a classic example in early transformational grammar.
• The active and passive sentences differ in surface arrangement but are structurally related.
• Borrowing, reduction and semantic narrowing are unrelated processes.
• Passive formation was a classic example in early transformational grammar.
• The active and passive sentences differ in surface arrangement but are structurally related.
• Borrowing, reduction and semantic narrowing are unrelated processes.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
What does recursion allow a grammar to do?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Recursion allows a rule or structural pattern to apply repeatedly.
• A clause may contain another clause, and a noun phrase may contain another noun phrase.
• This property helps explain how finite grammatical resources generate indefinitely many sentences.
• Actual sentence length is limited by performance factors rather than by a fixed grammatical ceiling.
• A clause may contain another clause, and a noun phrase may contain another noun phrase.
• This property helps explain how finite grammatical resources generate indefinitely many sentences.
• Actual sentence length is limited by performance factors rather than by a fixed grammatical ceiling.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which sentence most clearly illustrates recursive embedding?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The sentence contains a relative clause within a noun phrase and another relative clause embedded within that clause.
• Such repeated embedding illustrates recursion.
• The other sentences contain no comparable nested structure.
• Recursion is central to the generative explanation of linguistic creativity.
• Such repeated embedding illustrates recursion.
• The other sentences contain no comparable nested structure.
• Recursion is central to the generative explanation of linguistic creativity.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Universal Grammar is best described as:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Universal Grammar refers to the innate structural principles hypothesized to underlie human language acquisition.
• It is intended to explain how children acquire complex grammatical knowledge from limited input.
• It does not claim that all languages contain identical words or surface rules.
• The theory concerns the human capacity for language rather than school prescription.
• It is intended to explain how children acquire complex grammatical knowledge from limited input.
• It does not claim that all languages contain identical words or surface rules.
• The theory concerns the human capacity for language rather than school prescription.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
The poverty-of-the-stimulus argument claims that:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The argument maintains that children's input is limited, variable and often lacks explicit negative evidence.
• Yet children acquire complex grammatical constraints and produce novel sentences.
• Generative theorists use this gap to motivate an innate contribution to language acquisition.
• The claim is debated, but it does not state that children receive no input.
• Yet children acquire complex grammatical constraints and produce novel sentences.
• Generative theorists use this gap to motivate an innate contribution to language acquisition.
• The claim is debated, but it does not state that children receive no input.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Consider the following statements. Statement I: Competence refers to idealized linguistic knowledge. Statement II: Performance may be affected by memory limitations and distractions. Which option is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because competence is the speaker-hearer's internalized knowledge of grammar.
• Statement II is correct because actual language use may be disrupted by memory limitations, fatigue, distraction or error.
• Chomsky's distinction allows linguistic theory to study knowledge separately from accidental performance failures.
• Therefore, both statements are correct.
• Statement II is correct because actual language use may be disrupted by memory limitations, fatigue, distraction or error.
• Chomsky's distinction allows linguistic theory to study knowledge separately from accidental performance failures.
• Therefore, both statements are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which of the following statements about generative grammar are correct? 1. It seeks explicit formal rules. 2. It accounts for the production of novel sentences. 3. It treats grammar as a finite list of memorized utterances. 4. It distinguishes grammatical knowledge from actual language use.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because generative grammar seeks explicit and formally stated principles.
• Statement 2 is correct because it aims to explain linguistic creativity.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because generative grammar rejects the view that language is merely a memorized list.
• Statement 4 is correct because competence is distinguished from performance.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because it aims to explain linguistic creativity.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because generative grammar rejects the view that language is merely a memorized list.
• Statement 4 is correct because competence is distinguished from performance.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Assertion: Recursion contributes to the productivity of human language. Reason: Recursive rules can repeatedly embed a structure within a larger structure.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because recursion helps generate indefinitely many possible expressions.
• The Reason is correct because recursive rules permit repeated structural embedding.
• This repeated application directly explains how recursion supports linguistic productivity.
• Therefore, both are correct, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because recursive rules permit repeated structural embedding.
• This repeated application directly explains how recursion supports linguistic productivity.
• Therefore, both are correct, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Match List I with List II. List I: 1. Competence 2. Performance 3. Deep structure 4. Transformation. List II: a. Actual use of linguistic knowledge b. Rule relating structural representations c. Internalized grammatical knowledge d. Underlying syntactic representation.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Competence matches c because it is internalized grammatical knowledge.
• Performance matches a because it is the actual use of that knowledge.
• Deep structure matches d because it was conceived as an underlying syntactic representation.
• Transformation matches b because it relates one structural representation to another.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b.
• Performance matches a because it is the actual use of that knowledge.
• Deep structure matches d because it was conceived as an underlying syntactic representation.
• Transformation matches b because it relates one structural representation to another.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
In the principles-and-parameters model, principles are:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Principles are highly general constraints proposed to be shared across human languages.
• They form part of the innate language faculty in the principles-and-parameters approach.
• Cross-linguistic variation is attributed partly to the setting of parameters.
• Principles are therefore not language-specific word lists or school rules.
• They form part of the innate language faculty in the principles-and-parameters approach.
• Cross-linguistic variation is attributed partly to the setting of parameters.
• Principles are therefore not language-specific word lists or school rules.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Within the principles-and-parameters framework, parameters are intended to explain:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Parameters represent limited points of variation available within Universal Grammar.
• Exposure to a language helps the child determine the relevant settings.
• The model seeks to combine universal constraints with systematic cross-linguistic diversity.
• Parameters do not imply that languages vary without limits.
• Exposure to a language helps the child determine the relevant settings.
• The model seeks to combine universal constraints with systematic cross-linguistic diversity.
• Parameters do not imply that languages vary without limits.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which example is commonly used to illustrate a possible parameter of cross-linguistic variation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The null-subject or pro-drop parameter was proposed to capture differences in whether finite clauses may omit overt subjects.
• Languages such as Italian have often been contrasted with English in this respect.
• Nouns, sounds and interrogative functions are far too general to serve as the intended contrast here.
• Parameter proposals have been revised as generative theory has developed.
• Languages such as Italian have often been contrasted with English in this respect.
• Nouns, sounds and interrogative functions are far too general to serve as the intended contrast here.
• Parameter proposals have been revised as generative theory has developed.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
The Minimalist Programme seeks primarily to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Minimalist Programme asks how little machinery is necessary to account for human language.
• It emphasizes economy, optimal design and the interaction between the computational system and interface conditions.
• Earlier levels and transformations were substantially reformulated rather than simply preserved.
• The programme remains part of the generative tradition.
• It emphasizes economy, optimal design and the interaction between the computational system and interface conditions.
• Earlier levels and transformations were substantially reformulated rather than simply preserved.
• The programme remains part of the generative tradition.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
In minimalist syntax, Merge is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Merge is the basic structure-building operation in minimalist syntax.
• It combines two syntactic objects to form a new hierarchical object.
• Repeated applications of Merge can generate complex and recursive structures.
• The operation is central to minimalist attempts to simplify grammatical computation.
• It combines two syntactic objects to form a new hierarchical object.
• Repeated applications of Merge can generate complex and recursive structures.
• The operation is central to minimalist attempts to simplify grammatical computation.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which of the following statements about the Minimalist Programme are correct? 1. It values economy in grammatical explanation. 2. It treats Merge as a central structure-building operation. 3. It retains deep structure and surface structure exactly as in the earliest transformational model. 4. It investigates the relation between syntax and interface systems.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because minimalism seeks economical theoretical mechanisms.
• Statement 2 is correct because Merge is treated as a fundamental computational operation.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because the original deep-structure and surface-structure architecture was substantially revised.
• Statement 4 is correct because syntax must connect with systems of sound and meaning.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because Merge is treated as a fundamental computational operation.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because the original deep-structure and surface-structure architecture was substantially revised.
• Statement 4 is correct because syntax must connect with systems of sound and meaning.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which sequence places the following Chomskyan works in chronological order? 1. Syntactic Structures 2. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax 3. The Minimalist Program
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Syntactic Structures was published in 1957.
• Aspects of the Theory of Syntax was published in 1965.
• The Minimalist Program was published in 1995.
• The correct chronological order is therefore 1, 2, 3.
• Aspects of the Theory of Syntax was published in 1965.
• The Minimalist Program was published in 1995.
• The correct chronological order is therefore 1, 2, 3.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Which option best explains why the sentence Colorless green ideas sleep furiously became important in generative linguistics?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The sentence follows recognizable English syntactic patterns despite its unusual and difficult interpretation.
• Chomsky used it to challenge purely statistical or sequential accounts of grammaticality.
• Its grammatical form can be distinguished from its semantic anomaly.
• The example therefore supports a distinction between syntactic well-formedness and ordinary meaningfulness.
• Chomsky used it to challenge purely statistical or sequential accounts of grammaticality.
• Its grammatical form can be distinguished from its semantic anomaly.
• The example therefore supports a distinction between syntactic well-formedness and ordinary meaningfulness.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which option provides the most accurate integrated account of Chomsky's contribution to linguistics?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Chomsky shifted linguistic attention toward the internal knowledge that enables speakers to produce and understand novel sentences.
• Generative grammar seeks explicit rules and principles underlying linguistic creativity.
• Universal Grammar and later principles-and-parameters theory address shared constraints and cross-linguistic variation.
• The Minimalist Programme continues this mentalist tradition while seeking a more economical model.
• Generative grammar seeks explicit rules and principles underlying linguistic creativity.
• Universal Grammar and later principles-and-parameters theory address shared constraints and cross-linguistic variation.
• The Minimalist Programme continues this mentalist tradition while seeking a more economical model.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. Competence and performance సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. A speaker's internalized knowledge of the rules of a language సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. Pausing and producing a slip of the tongue while speaking సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. Specify a finite system of rules capable of generating an unlimited number of sentences సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. Syntactic Structures సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. An underlying syntactic representation related to core grammatical relations సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. The overt syntactic arrangement resulting after transformations సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Transformation సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. Embed structures within structures of the same general type సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. The student who read the book that won the prize smiled సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. The hypothesized innate principles that constrain possible human languages సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. The linguistic input available to children appears insufficient by itself to explain their rich grammatical knowledge సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: B. 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b సమాధానం: B.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. Universal constraints shared by human languages సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. Restricted dimensions along which languages may vary సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. Whether a language permits null subjects in ordinary finite clauses సమాధానం: C.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: D. Explain language through the simplest and most economical computational system possible సమాధానం: D.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. An operation that combines syntactic objects into a larger unit సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: B. 1, 2, 3 సమాధానం: B.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. It shows that a sentence can be syntactically well formed despite being semantically anomalous సమాధానం: C.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. He developed a mentalist and generative approach that explains linguistic knowledge, creativity and constrained variation సమాధానం: D.