Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, the linguistic sign consists of:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Saussure describes the linguistic sign as a two-sided psychological entity.
• The signifier is the sound-image or perceptible linguistic form.
• The signified is the concept associated with that form.
• The sign is created through the union of the signifier and the signified.
• The signifier is the sound-image or perceptible linguistic form.
• The signified is the concept associated with that form.
• The sign is created through the union of the signifier and the signified.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In Saussurean linguistics, the signifier is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The signifier is the linguistic form or sound-image recognized by language users.
• It is psychological rather than merely the physical sound wave produced in speech.
• The signified is the concept linked with the signifier.
• The external object itself is not one of the two internal components of the Saussurean sign.
• It is psychological rather than merely the physical sound wave produced in speech.
• The signified is the concept linked with the signifier.
• The external object itself is not one of the two internal components of the Saussurean sign.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
What does the signified represent in Saussure's theory of the sign?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The signified is the mental concept associated with a linguistic form.
• It is not identical with the external object to which a word may refer.
• The signifier and signified together constitute the linguistic sign.
• Saussure's model emphasizes the internal organization of the language system.
• It is not identical with the external object to which a word may refer.
• The signifier and signified together constitute the linguistic sign.
• Saussure's model emphasizes the internal organization of the language system.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
The arbitrariness of the linguistic sign means that:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The relation between most signifiers and signifieds is established by social convention rather than natural necessity.
• Different languages use different forms for the same or similar concepts.
• Arbitrariness does not permit an individual speaker to alter signs without community acceptance.
• Limited cases of sound symbolism do not invalidate the general principle.
• Different languages use different forms for the same or similar concepts.
• Arbitrariness does not permit an individual speaker to alter signs without community acceptance.
• Limited cases of sound symbolism do not invalidate the general principle.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which term did Saussure use for the shared and socially established system of a language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Langue is the abstract and socially shared system of signs and conventions.
• It includes the grammatical and lexical structures known collectively by a speech community.
• Saussure distinguished langue from parole, which consists of individual acts of language use.
• Langue was the principal object of structural linguistic analysis.
• It includes the grammatical and lexical structures known collectively by a speech community.
• Saussure distinguished langue from parole, which consists of individual acts of language use.
• Langue was the principal object of structural linguistic analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
In Saussure's distinction, parole refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Parole consists of concrete utterances and individual acts of language use.
• It includes personal choices, pronunciations and actual speech events.
• Langue is the underlying social system that makes parole possible.
• Saussure regarded the distinction as essential to defining the object of linguistics.
• It includes personal choices, pronunciations and actual speech events.
• Langue is the underlying social system that makes parole possible.
• Saussure regarded the distinction as essential to defining the object of linguistics.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A study describing the structure of English at one particular period is primarily:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Synchronic linguistics studies a language as a system at a particular point or period.
• It examines relationships among linguistic elements without making historical development its central concern.
• Diachronic linguistics investigates changes across time.
• Saussure emphasized the methodological importance of separating synchronic and diachronic perspectives.
• It examines relationships among linguistic elements without making historical development its central concern.
• Diachronic linguistics investigates changes across time.
• Saussure emphasized the methodological importance of separating synchronic and diachronic perspectives.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
The study of how English developed from earlier historical stages is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Diachronic linguistics examines linguistic change through time.
• It may investigate changes in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and meaning.
• A synchronic study analyzes the organization of a language during a selected period.
• Historical development is therefore a diachronic concern.
• It may investigate changes in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and meaning.
• A synchronic study analyzes the organization of a language during a selected period.
• Historical development is therefore a diachronic concern.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Syntagmatic relations are relations between linguistic elements that:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Syntagmatic relations arise among elements combined in an actual sequence.
• In the phrase the old house, the determiner, adjective and noun enter into syntagmatic relations.
• Such relations are sometimes described as relations in praesentia because the elements occur together.
• They differ from paradigmatic relations based on possible substitution.
• In the phrase the old house, the determiner, adjective and noun enter into syntagmatic relations.
• Such relations are sometimes described as relations in praesentia because the elements occur together.
• They differ from paradigmatic relations based on possible substitution.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Paradigmatic relations are primarily based on:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Paradigmatic relations connect elements that can occupy the same structural position.
• In The child laughed, words such as student, teacher or visitor could replace child.
• The alternatives form a paradigm even though only one appears in the actual sentence.
• Saussure originally discussed such relationships as associative relations.
• In The child laughed, words such as student, teacher or visitor could replace child.
• The alternatives form a paradigm even though only one appears in the actual sentence.
• Saussure originally discussed such relationships as associative relations.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
In the sentence The cat slept, replacing cat with dog demonstrates a:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cat and dog can occupy the same structural position in the sentence.
• They are therefore paradigmatically related through substitution.
• The relation between the and cat in the original sequence is syntagmatic.
• Paradigmatic organization helps reveal categories and contrasts within the language system.
• They are therefore paradigmatically related through substitution.
• The relation between the and cat in the original sequence is syntagmatic.
• Paradigmatic organization helps reveal categories and contrasts within the language system.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Saussure's linguistic ideas were most influentially presented in:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Course in General Linguistics presents the major concepts associated with Saussurean structuralism.
• The work was compiled from lecture notes by Saussure's students and colleagues.
• Language is associated with Leonard Bloomfield.
• Syntactic Structures is associated with Noam Chomsky, while The Meaning of Meaning is associated with C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards.
• The work was compiled from lecture notes by Saussure's students and colleagues.
• Language is associated with Leonard Bloomfield.
• Syntactic Structures is associated with Noam Chomsky, while The Meaning of Meaning is associated with C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Course in General Linguistics was first published posthumously in:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Course in General Linguistics was first published in 1916 after Saussure's death.
• It was reconstructed mainly from notes taken during his lectures in Geneva.
• The book became foundational for structural linguistics, semiotics and later structuralist thought.
• Bloomfield's Language appeared later, in 1933.
• It was reconstructed mainly from notes taken during his lectures in Geneva.
• The book became foundational for structural linguistics, semiotics and later structuralist thought.
• Bloomfield's Language appeared later, in 1933.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Consider the following statements. Statement I: Langue is a socially shared linguistic system. Statement II: Parole refers exclusively to historical changes in that system. Which option is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because langue is the collective system of linguistic signs and conventions.
• Statement II is incorrect because parole refers to individual acts of speaking and language use.
• Historical change belongs to diachronic study rather than to the definition of parole.
• Therefore, Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.
• Statement II is incorrect because parole refers to individual acts of speaking and language use.
• Historical change belongs to diachronic study rather than to the definition of parole.
• Therefore, Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Which of the following statements about Saussurean structuralism are correct? 1. Linguistic elements acquire value through their relations and differences. 2. Synchronic analysis studies a language at a selected time. 3. The relation between signifier and signified is generally natural and necessary. 4. Syntagmatic relations involve combination in a sequence.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because signs gain value through contrast with other signs in the system.
• Statement 2 is correct because synchronic analysis examines a language during a particular period.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because Saussure emphasizes the arbitrariness of the sign.
• Statement 4 is correct because syntagmatic relations arise among combined elements.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because synchronic analysis examines a language during a particular period.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because Saussure emphasizes the arbitrariness of the sign.
• Statement 4 is correct because syntagmatic relations arise among combined elements.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Assertion: Saussure treated language as a system of interdependent signs. Reason: The value of a linguistic unit depends partly on its differences from other units in the system.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because structuralism views language as an organized relational system.
• The Reason is correct because a sign has value through contrast with other signs rather than through isolation.
• This relational principle directly explains the systemic character of language in Saussure's theory.
• Therefore, both are correct, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because a sign has value through contrast with other signs rather than through isolation.
• This relational principle directly explains the systemic character of language in Saussure's theory.
• Therefore, both are correct, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Match List I with List II. List I: 1. Langue 2. Parole 3. Synchronic study 4. Paradigmatic relation. List II: a. Individual acts of language use b. Substitution among possible alternatives c. Shared linguistic system d. Analysis at a particular period.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Langue matches c because it is the shared linguistic system.
• Parole matches a because it consists of individual acts of language use.
• Synchronic study matches d because it analyzes a language at a selected period.
• Paradigmatic relation matches b because it concerns substitution among possible alternatives.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b.
• Parole matches a because it consists of individual acts of language use.
• Synchronic study matches d because it analyzes a language at a selected period.
• Paradigmatic relation matches b because it concerns substitution among possible alternatives.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which major work is associated with Leonard Bloomfield?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Leonard Bloomfield's Language was published in 1933.
• It became a foundational work of American structural linguistics.
• Course in General Linguistics is associated with Saussure.
• Aspects of the Theory of Syntax is associated with Chomsky, while The Archaeology of Knowledge is associated with Michel Foucault.
• It became a foundational work of American structural linguistics.
• Course in General Linguistics is associated with Saussure.
• Aspects of the Theory of Syntax is associated with Chomsky, while The Archaeology of Knowledge is associated with Michel Foucault.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Bloomfield's approach to language was strongly influenced by:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Bloomfield's mature linguistic methodology was strongly influenced by behaviourist psychology.
• Behaviourism emphasized observable stimuli, responses and patterns of behaviour.
• Bloomfield sought to make linguistics empirically rigorous by avoiding unverifiable mental explanations.
• His approach became central to American structural linguistics.
• Behaviourism emphasized observable stimuli, responses and patterns of behaviour.
• Bloomfield sought to make linguistics empirically rigorous by avoiding unverifiable mental explanations.
• His approach became central to American structural linguistics.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Distributional analysis classifies a linguistic form primarily by:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Distribution refers to the set of linguistic environments in which a form can occur.
• Structural linguists used recurring positional patterns to identify categories and relationships.
• Forms with similar distributions may be assigned to the same structural class.
• The method prioritizes observable linguistic data rather than literary intention or etymology.
• Structural linguists used recurring positional patterns to identify categories and relationships.
• Forms with similar distributions may be assigned to the same structural class.
• The method prioritizes observable linguistic data rather than literary intention or etymology.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Why did Bloomfield give a limited role to meaning in rigorous linguistic analysis?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Bloomfield did not deny that linguistic forms have meanings.
• He argued that a fully scientific account of meaning would require extensive knowledge of speakers' situations and behavioural responses.
• Because such knowledge was often unavailable, structural analysis concentrated heavily on observable forms and distributions.
• This methodological caution reflects the influence of behaviourism.
• He argued that a fully scientific account of meaning would require extensive knowledge of speakers' situations and behavioural responses.
• Because such knowledge was often unavailable, structural analysis concentrated heavily on observable forms and distributions.
• This methodological caution reflects the influence of behaviourism.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
A linguist groups the words student, teacher and visitor together because each can occur after the and before arrived. This procedure illustrates:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The words are classified according to the syntactic environments in which they occur.
• Each can appear in a frame such as The _____ arrived.
• Similar distribution provides evidence that the items belong to the same structural category.
• This procedure is characteristic of distributional analysis in structural linguistics.
• Each can appear in a frame such as The _____ arrived.
• Similar distribution provides evidence that the items belong to the same structural category.
• This procedure is characteristic of distributional analysis in structural linguistics.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which option gives the most accurate comparison between Saussure and Bloomfield?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Saussure conceptualized language as a system of signs defined through relations and differences.
• Bloomfield developed an empirically oriented American structuralism focused on observable linguistic forms and distributions.
• Behaviourism influenced Bloomfield rather than Saussure.
• Both contributed to structural linguistics, but their terminology and methodological emphases differed.
• Bloomfield developed an empirically oriented American structuralism focused on observable linguistic forms and distributions.
• Behaviourism influenced Bloomfield rather than Saussure.
• Both contributed to structural linguistics, but their terminology and methodological emphases differed.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Which sequence places the following publications in the correct chronological order? 1. Course in General Linguistics 2. Bloomfield's Language 3. Chomsky's Syntactic Structures
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Course in General Linguistics was published in 1916.
• Bloomfield's Language was published in 1933.
• Chomsky's Syntactic Structures was published in 1957.
• The correct chronological sequence is therefore 1, 2, 3.
• Bloomfield's Language was published in 1933.
• Chomsky's Syntactic Structures was published in 1957.
• The correct chronological sequence is therefore 1, 2, 3.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which option provides the most accurate integrated account of structural linguistics?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Structural linguistics treats language as an organized system rather than an unstructured collection of items.
• Saussure emphasized relational value, syntagmatic combination and paradigmatic contrast.
• Bloomfieldian analysis emphasized observable forms and their distributions in linguistic environments.
• Structuralism therefore studies systematic relationships at different levels of language.
• Saussure emphasized relational value, syntagmatic combination and paradigmatic contrast.
• Bloomfieldian analysis emphasized observable forms and their distributions in linguistic environments.
• Structuralism therefore studies systematic relationships at different levels of language.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. A signifier and a signified సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. The sound-image or linguistic form associated with a concept సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. The concept associated with the signifier సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. There is generally no natural connection between a signifier and its signified సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. Langue సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. Individual acts of speaking and language use సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Synchronic సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Diachronic సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. Occur together in a linear sequence సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. The possible substitution of one linguistic element for another సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. Paradigmatic relation సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. Course in General Linguistics సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. 1916 సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. Language సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. Behaviourism సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. The environments in which it occurs సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. He considered complete scientific analysis of meaning difficult without adequate knowledge of human situations and responses సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. Distributional analysis సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Saussure emphasized relational systems of signs, while Bloomfield emphasized observable forms and distributions సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. 1, 2, 3 సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: B. It analyzes linguistic units through their relations, contrasts, combinations and distributions within a system సమాధానం: B.