Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, the linguistic sign is composed of which two inseparable elements?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Saussure defines the linguistic sign as the union of a signifier and a signified.
• The signifier is the sound-image, while the signified is the concept associated with it.
• Langue and parole describe two dimensions of language, not the two components of a sign.
• The sign exists through the relation between its two components rather than through either component alone.
• The signifier is the sound-image, while the signified is the concept associated with it.
• Langue and parole describe two dimensions of language, not the two components of a sign.
• The sign exists through the relation between its two components rather than through either component alone.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In Saussurean linguistics, what does the term signifier primarily denote?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The signifier is the sound-image or perceptible form through which a sign is apprehended.
• It may be represented by a spoken sound pattern or a written form.
• The external object is not one of the two internal components of Saussure's sign.
• The concept linked with the signifier is called the signified.
• It may be represented by a spoken sound pattern or a written form.
• The external object is not one of the two internal components of Saussure's sign.
• The concept linked with the signifier is called the signified.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which option best defines the signified in Saussure's theory of the sign?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The signified is the concept associated with a signifier.
• It is not identical with the physical sound, written spelling or external referent.
• Saussure's model focuses on the relation between a sound-image and a concept.
• The signified has value within a system of differences.
• It is not identical with the physical sound, written spelling or external referent.
• Saussure's model focuses on the relation between a sound-image and a concept.
• The signified has value within a system of differences.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
What is meant by the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Arbitrariness means that no natural or necessary connection links a signifier with its signified.
• Different languages use different sound patterns for comparable concepts, illustrating this principle.
• Arbitrariness does not mean that individual speakers may change meanings freely.
• Linguistic signs remain socially established within langue.
• Different languages use different sound patterns for comparable concepts, illustrating this principle.
• Arbitrariness does not mean that individual speakers may change meanings freely.
• Linguistic signs remain socially established within langue.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which distinction correctly represents Saussure's concepts of langue and parole?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Langue is the shared social system of conventions that makes communication possible.
• Parole is the individual act of speaking or using that system in particular situations.
• The distinction is not simply between writing and speech.
• Structural analysis gives priority to langue because it reveals the underlying system.
• Parole is the individual act of speaking or using that system in particular situations.
• The distinction is not simply between writing and speech.
• Structural analysis gives priority to langue because it reveals the underlying system.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
A study of the English language as a functioning system at a particular point in time is primarily:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Synchronic study examines a language as a system at a given moment.
• Diachronic study traces changes in language across time.
• Saussure's structural linguistics emphasizes synchronic relations within the system.
• Etymology may contribute to diachronic study but does not define synchronic analysis.
• Diachronic study traces changes in language across time.
• Saussure's structural linguistics emphasizes synchronic relations within the system.
• Etymology may contribute to diachronic study but does not define synchronic analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
The relation among words that occur in sequence within a sentence is called:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Syntagmatic relations connect signs that are combined in a linear sequence.
• In a sentence, each word gains part of its function from its relation to neighboring words.
• Paradigmatic relations concern possible substitutions at a given position.
• The linear character of the signifier makes syntagmatic organization fundamental to language.
• In a sentence, each word gains part of its function from its relation to neighboring words.
• Paradigmatic relations concern possible substitutions at a given position.
• The linear character of the signifier makes syntagmatic organization fundamental to language.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
The relation between a word used in a sentence and other words that could replace it in the same position is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Paradigmatic relations connect an element with alternatives that could occupy the same structural position.
• In 'The child laughed', words such as 'girl' or 'student' may replace 'child' paradigmatically.
• Syntagmatic relations operate among elements actually combined in sequence.
• Paradigmatic choice helps define the value of the selected sign.
• In 'The child laughed', words such as 'girl' or 'student' may replace 'child' paradigmatically.
• Syntagmatic relations operate among elements actually combined in sequence.
• Paradigmatic choice helps define the value of the selected sign.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which statement best expresses Saussure's idea of relational meaning?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Saussure argues that signs acquire value through differences from other signs.
• A linguistic unit is therefore defined relationally rather than by an isolated essence.
• Private intention alone cannot determine meaning because language is a social system.
• Historical origin does not fully explain the synchronic value of a sign.
• A linguistic unit is therefore defined relationally rather than by an isolated essence.
• Private intention alone cannot determine meaning because language is a social system.
• Historical origin does not fully explain the synchronic value of a sign.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
In structuralist analysis, binary oppositions are important mainly because they:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Binary oppositions organize meaning through contrasts such as nature and culture or presence and absence.
• Structuralist analysis often examines how such paired differences shape a system.
• These oppositions do not prove that meanings are natural.
• They demonstrate the broader principle that meaning is relational and differential.
• Structuralist analysis often examines how such paired differences shape a system.
• These oppositions do not prove that meanings are natural.
• They demonstrate the broader principle that meaning is relational and differential.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Consider the following statements.
Statement I: In Saussure's model, the sign links a sound-image with a concept.
Statement II: In Saussure's model, the sign directly and necessarily links a word with an external object.
Statement I: In Saussure's model, the sign links a sound-image with a concept.
Statement II: In Saussure's model, the sign directly and necessarily links a word with an external object.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because the sign unites the signifier, understood as a sound-image, with the signified, understood as a concept.
• Statement II is incorrect because Saussure does not define the sign as a necessary bond between a word and an external object.
• The relation between signifier and signified is arbitrary rather than natural.
• Therefore, option C correctly evaluates the two statements.
• Statement II is incorrect because Saussure does not define the sign as a necessary bond between a word and an external object.
• The relation between signifier and signified is arbitrary rather than natural.
• Therefore, option C correctly evaluates the two statements.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Assertion: The signifier 'tree' could be replaced by a different sound pattern in another language.
Reason: The relation between signifier and signified is generally arbitrary.
Reason: The relation between signifier and signified is generally arbitrary.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because different languages use different signifiers for comparable concepts.
• The Reason is correct because Saussure describes the bond between signifier and signified as arbitrary.
• The Reason directly explains why no single sound pattern is naturally required for the concept of a tree.
• Therefore, both are correct and the Reason explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because Saussure describes the bond between signifier and signified as arbitrary.
• The Reason directly explains why no single sound pattern is naturally required for the concept of a tree.
• Therefore, both are correct and the Reason explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Match List I with List II.
List I
1. Langue
2. Parole
3. Syntagmatic relation
4. Paradigmatic relation
List II
I. Individual utterance
II. Relation of possible substitution
III. Social system of language
IV. Relation of combination in sequence
List I
1. Langue
2. Parole
3. Syntagmatic relation
4. Paradigmatic relation
List II
I. Individual utterance
II. Relation of possible substitution
III. Social system of language
IV. Relation of combination in sequence
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Langue matches III because it is the shared social system of language.
• Parole matches I because it refers to individual acts of speaking.
• Syntagmatic relation matches IV because it concerns combination in sequence.
• Paradigmatic relation matches II because it concerns alternatives available for substitution.
• Therefore, the complete correct code is 1-III, 2-I, 3-IV, 4-II.
• Parole matches I because it refers to individual acts of speaking.
• Syntagmatic relation matches IV because it concerns combination in sequence.
• Paradigmatic relation matches II because it concerns alternatives available for substitution.
• Therefore, the complete correct code is 1-III, 2-I, 3-IV, 4-II.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which distinction most directly separates the study of a language system at one time from the study of its historical development?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Synchronic study examines a language system at a particular time.
• Diachronic study examines linguistic change across successive periods.
• Signifier and signified are components of the sign.
• Langue and parole distinguish the social system from individual utterance.
• Diachronic study examines linguistic change across successive periods.
• Signifier and signified are components of the sign.
• Langue and parole distinguish the social system from individual utterance.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Complete the statement: For Saussure, the value of a linguistic sign emerges primarily from its:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A sign has value because it occupies a distinct position within a system of differences.
• Its identity is relational rather than based on a self-contained essence.
• Physical resemblance is not necessary because the sign is generally arbitrary.
• Earliest use belongs to historical study and does not determine present systemic value.
• Its identity is relational rather than based on a self-contained essence.
• Physical resemblance is not necessary because the sign is generally arbitrary.
• Earliest use belongs to historical study and does not determine present systemic value.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which of the following is the odd one out in relation to langue?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A speaker's particular utterance belongs to parole, not langue.
• Langue consists of shared conventions and underlying rules.
• It is social because it exists collectively among members of a linguistic community.
• The odd item is therefore the individual utterance.
• Langue consists of shared conventions and underlying rules.
• It is social because it exists collectively among members of a linguistic community.
• The odd item is therefore the individual utterance.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
In the sentence 'The student answered', replacing 'student' with 'teacher' illustrates which kind of relation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• 'Student' and 'teacher' can occupy the same grammatical position in the sentence.
• Their relation is paradigmatic because one may substitute for the other.
• The words that actually occur together in the sentence have syntagmatic relations.
• This example shows how selection operates within a linguistic system.
• Their relation is paradigmatic because one may substitute for the other.
• The words that actually occur together in the sentence have syntagmatic relations.
• This example shows how selection operates within a linguistic system.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
In the phrase 'a difficult question', the relation among 'a', 'difficult' and 'question' is primarily:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The three words are combined in a linear sequence and therefore stand in syntagmatic relation.
• Their order and grammatical compatibility contribute to the structure of the phrase.
• Paradigmatic relations would involve alternative words that could replace one of them.
• Arbitrariness concerns the bond between signifier and signified, not this combinatory relation.
• Their order and grammatical compatibility contribute to the structure of the phrase.
• Paradigmatic relations would involve alternative words that could replace one of them.
• Arbitrariness concerns the bond between signifier and signified, not this combinatory relation.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which of the following statements are correct?
1. Langue is a collective system.
2. Parole consists of individual acts of language use.
3. Synchronic analysis studies language change across centuries.
4. Paradigmatic relations involve possible substitutions.
1. Langue is a collective system.
2. Parole consists of individual acts of language use.
3. Synchronic analysis studies language change across centuries.
4. Paradigmatic relations involve possible substitutions.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because langue is the shared social system of language.
• Statement 2 is correct because parole consists of individual utterances and acts of use.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because language change across centuries is diachronic, not synchronic.
• Statement 4 is correct because paradigmatic relations concern possible alternatives in the same position.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 only are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because parole consists of individual utterances and acts of use.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because language change across centuries is diachronic, not synchronic.
• Statement 4 is correct because paradigmatic relations concern possible alternatives in the same position.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 4 only are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Consider the following statements.
Statement I: Synchronic analysis treats language as a structured system at a given time.
Statement II: Diachronic analysis investigates changes in language across time.
Statement I: Synchronic analysis treats language as a structured system at a given time.
Statement II: Diachronic analysis investigates changes in language across time.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because synchronic analysis studies the relations operating within a language system at a particular moment.
• Statement II is correct because diachronic analysis traces historical development and change.
• The two approaches are distinct but complementary.
• Therefore, option A is correct.
• Statement II is correct because diachronic analysis traces historical development and change.
• The two approaches are distinct but complementary.
• Therefore, option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which comparison between langue and parole is most accurate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Langue is the underlying social system of signs and conventions.
• Parole is the concrete realization of that system in individual acts of speaking or writing.
• Langue is collective rather than individual.
• The distinction does not reduce to written versus spoken language.
• Parole is the concrete realization of that system in individual acts of speaking or writing.
• Langue is collective rather than individual.
• The distinction does not reduce to written versus spoken language.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
A critic studies how a narrative constructs meaning through oppositions such as order and chaos, self and other, and centre and margin. Which structuralist principle is being applied?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The critic is identifying binary oppositions that organize the narrative's system of meaning.
• Structuralism often examines how paired contrasts shape cultural and literary structures.
• The method does not depend primarily on the author's biography or intention.
• The example extends Saussure's principle of relational difference into literary analysis.
• Structuralism often examines how paired contrasts shape cultural and literary structures.
• The method does not depend primarily on the author's biography or intention.
• The example extends Saussure's principle of relational difference into literary analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which pair is incorrectly matched?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Parole refers to individual acts of language use, not the collective linguistic system.
• The collective system is langue.
• Signifier is correctly matched with sound-image, and signified with concept.
• Diachronic study is correctly matched with historical change through time.
• The collective system is langue.
• Signifier is correctly matched with sound-image, and signified with concept.
• Diachronic study is correctly matched with historical change through time.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Assertion: The meaning of a sign is partly produced by what it is not.
Reason: In a linguistic system, signs acquire value through differences from other signs.
Reason: In a linguistic system, signs acquire value through differences from other signs.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because a sign is defined relationally against other signs in the system.
• The Reason is correct because Saussurean value depends on difference.
• The Reason directly explains why a sign's meaning is shaped by exclusions and contrasts.
• This principle supports structuralist attention to relational meaning and binary opposition.
• The Reason is correct because Saussurean value depends on difference.
• The Reason directly explains why a sign's meaning is shaped by exclusions and contrasts.
• This principle supports structuralist attention to relational meaning and binary opposition.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which statement best summarizes the structuralist implication of Saussurean linguistics for literary study?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Structuralism applies Saussure's insight that meaning emerges from relations within a system.
• Literary texts can therefore be studied as structures of signs, codes and oppositions.
• The approach does not make authorial intention the sole source of meaning.
• It also rejects the assumption that words naturally resemble the things they denote.
• Literary texts can therefore be studied as structures of signs, codes and oppositions.
• The approach does not make authorial intention the sole source of meaning.
• It also rejects the assumption that words naturally resemble the things they denote.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. Signifier and signified సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. The sound-image or perceptible form of a sign సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. The concept evoked by the signifier సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. There is no necessary natural bond between signifier and signified సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. Langue is the social language system, whereas parole is individual speech use సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. Synchronic సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Syntagmatic relation సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Paradigmatic సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. A sign has value because it differs from other signs in the system సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Organize meaning through contrastive pairs సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: D. 1-III, 2-I, 3-IV, 4-II సమాధానం: D.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. Synchronic and diachronic సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. Differences from other signs సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: C. A speaker's particular utterance సమాధానం: C.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: D. Paradigmatic relation సమాధానం: D.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. Syntagmatic సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: C.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: D. Langue is the underlying system, whereas parole is its concrete realization సమాధానం: D.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: B. Binary opposition సమాధానం: B.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: C. Parole — collective linguistic system సమాధానం: C.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. Meaning arises from relations and differences within an organized signifying system సమాధానం: D.