Please keep at least one language enabled. / కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
What is bilingualism?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Bilingualism refers to the ability of an individual or community to use two languages.
• The level of competence may differ across speaking, listening, reading and writing.
• A bilingual need not possess identical proficiency in both languages.
• In India, bilingualism often develops through home, school, administration, media and employment.
• The level of competence may differ across speaking, listening, reading and writing.
• A bilingual need not possess identical proficiency in both languages.
• In India, bilingualism often develops through home, school, administration, media and employment.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which statement best describes multilingualism in India?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Multilingualism involves the use of more than two languages by individuals or communities.
• Indian speakers may use different languages at home, in education, in administration and in wider communication.
• Regional languages, minority languages, Hindi and English may coexist within the same linguistic repertoire.
• Multilingualism does not imply equal proficiency or identical functions for every language.
• Indian speakers may use different languages at home, in education, in administration and in wider communication.
• Regional languages, minority languages, Hindi and English may coexist within the same linguistic repertoire.
• Multilingualism does not imply equal proficiency or identical functions for every language.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
What is code-switching?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Code-switching is the alternation between languages or varieties during communication.
• A speaker may switch between sentences, clauses or conversational turns.
• The switch can signal topic change, identity, solidarity, emphasis or a change of audience.
• It is a systematic multilingual practice rather than evidence of linguistic confusion.
• A speaker may switch between sentences, clauses or conversational turns.
• The switch can signal topic change, identity, solidarity, emphasis or a change of audience.
• It is a systematic multilingual practice rather than evidence of linguistic confusion.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which example most clearly illustrates code-switching between sentences?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The example moves from an English sentence to a Hindi sentence.
• Switching at a sentence boundary is commonly described as intersentential code-switching.
• The first example contains a loanword but does not necessarily involve switching between grammatical systems.
• Code-switching may be used to address different participants or express social meaning.
• Switching at a sentence boundary is commonly described as intersentential code-switching.
• The first example contains a loanword but does not necessarily involve switching between grammatical systems.
• Code-switching may be used to address different participants or express social meaning.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
How is code-mixing commonly distinguished from code-switching?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Code-mixing commonly refers to the insertion of words, phrases or other elements from one language into another-language structure.
• Code-switching often refers more broadly to alternation between languages across clauses, sentences or turns.
• The distinction is not applied identically by all linguists.
• Both practices can be meaningful and rule-governed features of multilingual communication.
• Code-switching often refers more broadly to alternation between languages across clauses, sentences or turns.
• The distinction is not applied identically by all linguists.
• Both practices can be meaningful and rule-governed features of multilingual communication.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which sentence best illustrates code-mixing in an Indian multilingual context?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The sentence has an English grammatical frame with the Hindi adverb jaldi inserted into it.
• This is a typical example of intra-sentential code-mixing.
• The mixed element may convey informality, local identity or communicative efficiency.
• Such mixed discourse can become conventional within bilingual communities.
• This is a typical example of intra-sentential code-mixing.
• The mixed element may convey informality, local identity or communicative efficiency.
• Such mixed discourse can become conventional within bilingual communities.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
What is diglossia?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Diglossia refers to a relatively stable functional distribution between language varieties.
• A high variety may be used in formal education, religion or administration, while a low variety is used in everyday conversation.
• The varieties may belong to the same language or, in extended uses of the term, to different languages.
• Diglossia concerns social function rather than individual proficiency alone.
• A high variety may be used in formal education, religion or administration, while a low variety is used in everyday conversation.
• The varieties may belong to the same language or, in extended uses of the term, to different languages.
• Diglossia concerns social function rather than individual proficiency alone.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
In a diglossic situation, which domain is most likely to favour the high variety?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The high variety is typically associated with formal and institutionally valued domains.
• Public speeches, official ceremonies, formal education and religious texts may favour the high variety.
• Informal family and peer interaction commonly favours the low variety.
• Actual language practices can vary and may change over time.
• Public speeches, official ceremonies, formal education and religious texts may favour the high variety.
• Informal family and peer interaction commonly favours the low variety.
• Actual language practices can vary and may change over time.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
What is meant by a language domain?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A language domain is a recurring social setting associated with particular participants, topics and language choices.
• Common domains include family, education, religion, administration, employment and media.
• A multilingual speaker may select different languages in different domains.
• Domain analysis helps explain functional multilingualism.
• Common domains include family, education, religion, administration, employment and media.
• A multilingual speaker may select different languages in different domains.
• Domain analysis helps explain functional multilingualism.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which factor most directly influences language choice within a domain?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Language choice is influenced by who is speaking, to whom, where, about what and for what purpose.
• Formality, identity, proficiency and institutional expectations also shape the choice.
• The same speaker may use one language at home and another at work or university.
• Language selection is therefore socially patterned rather than random.
• Formality, identity, proficiency and institutional expectations also shape the choice.
• The same speaker may use one language at home and another at work or university.
• Language selection is therefore socially patterned rather than random.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Why is English often described as a link language in India?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• English can connect speakers from different linguistic regions when they lack another shared language.
• It is used in higher education, administration, business, science, media and interstate communication.
• Its link-language role does not mean that it is the mother tongue of all Indians.
• Hindi and regional languages also perform linking functions in particular contexts.
• It is used in higher education, administration, business, science, media and interstate communication.
• Its link-language role does not mean that it is the mother tongue of all Indians.
• Hindi and regional languages also perform linking functions in particular contexts.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which statement best reflects the relationship between English and regional languages in India?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• English and regional languages coexist within a complex multilingual ecology.
• They may compete for prestige, education and employment while also influencing one another through borrowing and code-mixing.
• Regional languages remain central to identity, culture, media and public life.
• The relationship is therefore dynamic rather than a simple process of replacement.
• They may compete for prestige, education and employment while also influencing one another through borrowing and code-mixing.
• Regional languages remain central to identity, culture, media and public life.
• The relationship is therefore dynamic rather than a simple process of replacement.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Which educational argument most strongly supports mother-tongue instruction in the early years?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A familiar language can support comprehension, participation and the development of foundational literacy.
• Strong first-language development can assist rather than prevent additional-language learning.
• Mother-tongue education does not require the exclusion of English or other languages.
• Effective multilingual education can introduce additional languages through carefully planned transitions.
• Strong first-language development can assist rather than prevent additional-language learning.
• Mother-tongue education does not require the exclusion of English or other languages.
• Effective multilingual education can introduce additional languages through carefully planned transitions.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Consider the following statements.
Statement I: Mother-tongue education and English learning are necessarily incompatible.
Statement II: A learner can develop literacy in the first language while acquiring English as an additional language.
Statement I: Mother-tongue education and English learning are necessarily incompatible.
Statement II: A learner can develop literacy in the first language while acquiring English as an additional language.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is incorrect because mother-tongue education can coexist with effective English teaching.
• Statement II is correct because multilingual learners can develop competence in more than one language.
• Additive multilingual education strengthens the first language while adding further languages.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
• Statement II is correct because multilingual learners can develop competence in more than one language.
• Additive multilingual education strengthens the first language while adding further languages.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
What is linguistic hierarchy?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Linguistic hierarchy refers to unequal social value assigned to languages or varieties.
• A prestigious language may offer greater access to education, employment and administration.
• Less powerful languages may be marginalised even though they are structurally complete systems.
• In India, English can carry considerable prestige while access to it remains socially unequal.
• A prestigious language may offer greater access to education, employment and administration.
• Less powerful languages may be marginalised even though they are structurally complete systems.
• In India, English can carry considerable prestige while access to it remains socially unequal.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which situation best illustrates linguistic hierarchy?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The example shows that access to a prestigious variety of English can produce unequal social and economic advantages.
• Linguistic hierarchy connects language with class, schooling, employment and institutional power.
• It does not mean that one language is linguistically superior to another.
• Educational policy must therefore consider both access to English and support for regional languages.
• Linguistic hierarchy connects language with class, schooling, employment and institutional power.
• It does not mean that one language is linguistically superior to another.
• Educational policy must therefore consider both access to English and support for regional languages.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Assertion: English can function both as a link language and as a marker of social inequality in India.
Reason: Access to high-quality English education is uneven across regions and social groups.
Reason: Access to high-quality English education is uneven across regions and social groups.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because English facilitates communication across language groups while also carrying educational and economic prestige.
• The Reason is correct because access to effective English education is uneven across regions and social groups.
• Unequal access helps explain why English can reproduce social advantage even while serving useful communicative functions.
• Therefore, both are correct, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because access to effective English education is uneven across regions and social groups.
• Unequal access helps explain why English can reproduce social advantage even while serving useful communicative functions.
• Therefore, both are correct, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which statement best explains the relationship between language and identity?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Language choices can signal regional belonging, education, profession, generation, solidarity and cultural affiliation.
• A multilingual speaker may express different aspects of identity through different languages.
• Code-switching can also index closeness, authority, modernity or local belonging.
• Identity is flexible and context-dependent rather than tied to only one language.
• A multilingual speaker may express different aspects of identity through different languages.
• Code-switching can also index closeness, authority, modernity or local belonging.
• Identity is flexible and context-dependent rather than tied to only one language.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which of the following statements are correct?
1. Code-switching may signal identity or topic change.
2. Diglossia involves functional differentiation between varieties.
3. Multilingualism always requires equal proficiency in all languages.
4. Language domains influence language choice.
1. Code-switching may signal identity or topic change.
2. Diglossia involves functional differentiation between varieties.
3. Multilingualism always requires equal proficiency in all languages.
4. Language domains influence language choice.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because switching can perform social and conversational functions.
• Statement 2 is correct because diglossia assigns varieties to different domains.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because multilingual speakers often have unequal skills and uses across languages.
• Statement 4 is correct because family, school and workplace contexts influence language selection.
• Hence, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
• Statement 2 is correct because diglossia assigns varieties to different domains.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because multilingual speakers often have unequal skills and uses across languages.
• Statement 4 is correct because family, school and workplace contexts influence language selection.
• Hence, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Match List I with List II.
List I: 1. Bilingualism 2. Code-switching 3. Diglossia 4. Language domain
List II: a. Functional distribution of high and low varieties b. Use of two languages c. Social setting associated with language choice d. Alternation between languages in interaction
List I: 1. Bilingualism 2. Code-switching 3. Diglossia 4. Language domain
List II: a. Functional distribution of high and low varieties b. Use of two languages c. Social setting associated with language choice d. Alternation between languages in interaction
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Bilingualism is matched with the use of two languages.
• Code-switching is matched with alternation between languages in interaction.
• Diglossia is matched with the functional distribution of high and low varieties.
• A language domain is matched with a social setting associated with language choice.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c.
• Code-switching is matched with alternation between languages in interaction.
• Diglossia is matched with the functional distribution of high and low varieties.
• A language domain is matched with a social setting associated with language choice.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which multilingual practice is illustrated when a university lecturer explains a technical concept in English and then restates it in the regional language?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The lecturer alternates languages to support explanation and comprehension.
• This is pedagogic code-switching because the switch serves an instructional purpose.
• It can connect technical English terminology with learners' existing conceptual knowledge.
• Effective use requires planning so that both subject learning and language development are supported.
• This is pedagogic code-switching because the switch serves an instructional purpose.
• It can connect technical English terminology with learners' existing conceptual knowledge.
• Effective use requires planning so that both subject learning and language development are supported.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which approach best represents additive multilingualism?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Additive multilingualism adds new languages without weakening or replacing the learner's existing language.
• It values the first language as a cognitive, educational and cultural resource.
• This approach differs from subtractive models that marginalise the home language.
• It can support both regional-language development and access to English.
• It values the first language as a cognitive, educational and cultural resource.
• This approach differs from subtractive models that marginalise the home language.
• It can support both regional-language development and access to English.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Family is correctly identified as a language domain.
• English can function as a link language among speakers of different regional languages.
• Code-mixing can involve inserting words or phrases from one language into another-language structure.
• Diglossia involves differentiated rather than equal use of varieties across domains.
• Therefore, the fourth pair is incorrectly matched.
• English can function as a link language among speakers of different regional languages.
• Code-mixing can involve inserting words or phrases from one language into another-language structure.
• Diglossia involves differentiated rather than equal use of varieties across domains.
• Therefore, the fourth pair is incorrectly matched.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A government office serves citizens from several linguistic communities. Which policy would best support multilingual communication?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Effective multilingual administration should provide access through translation, interpretation and multilingual assistance.
• A shared administrative language may still be used for coordination and official records.
• Such a policy balances administrative efficiency with linguistic rights and public accessibility.
• Excluding citizens on linguistic grounds would reinforce inequality.
• A shared administrative language may still be used for coordination and official records.
• Such a policy balances administrative efficiency with linguistic rights and public accessibility.
• Excluding citizens on linguistic grounds would reinforce inequality.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which principle provides the most balanced understanding of English in Indian multilingualism?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• English can support interstate communication, higher education, employment and international access.
• Regional and mother-tongue languages remain essential for identity, culture, democratic participation and foundational learning.
• A balanced policy avoids both English-only domination and the denial of English-language opportunity.
• Multilingualism is best treated as a social resource rather than as a problem.
• Regional and mother-tongue languages remain essential for identity, culture, democratic participation and foundational learning.
• A balanced policy avoids both English-only domination and the denial of English-language opportunity.
• Multilingualism is best treated as a social resource rather than as a problem.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. The ability to use two languages సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: A. The regular use of several languages across different social domains సమాధానం: A.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. The alternation between two or more languages or varieties within an interaction సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. The meeting begins at ten. Kripaya samay par aaiye. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. Code-mixing often inserts elements from one language into an utterance structured mainly in another సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. Please send the file jaldi. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. The functional distribution of two language varieties across high and low domains సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Formal public speeches and official ceremonies సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. A social setting or sphere in which particular language choices are regularly made సమాధానం: B.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. Participants, topic, setting and communicative purpose సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. It can facilitate communication among speakers who do not share the same regional language సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. They coexist, compete and influence one another across different domains సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Children generally learn foundational concepts more effectively through a familiar language సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. The unequal ranking of languages or varieties according to prestige, power and access to resources సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. Applicants with elite English-medium education receive greater employment advantages than equally capable regional-medium applicants సమాధానం: D.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. Language choices may express regional, cultural, professional and social identities సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: C.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: B. 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c సమాధానం: B.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. Pedagogic code-switching సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. Developing the learner's first language while adding competence in other languages సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Diglossia — Equal use of all varieties in every domain సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: D. Providing forms, interpretation and assistance in relevant languages while retaining a shared administrative language సమాధానం: D.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: A. English can provide wider access and communication while regional and mother-tongue languages require active support సమాధానం: A.