Please keep at least one language enabled. / కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement best describes Indian English pronunciation?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Indian English is not a single uniform accent.
• Its pronunciation varies according to region, first language, education, social background and speaking situation.
• Speakers may share some broad tendencies while differing considerably in individual features.
• Indian English should therefore be understood as a group of related varieties.
• Its pronunciation varies according to region, first language, education, social background and speaking situation.
• Speakers may share some broad tendencies while differing considerably in individual features.
• Indian English should therefore be understood as a group of related varieties.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which articulatory feature is commonly associated with the pronunciation of English alveolar stops by some Indian English speakers?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Some Indian English speakers realise English alveolar stops such as /t/ and /d/ with retroflex articulation.
• Retroflex sounds are produced with the tongue tip curled or drawn back toward the postalveolar region.
• This tendency often reflects transfer from Indian languages containing retroflex consonants.
• The feature varies across speakers and should not be treated as universal.
• Retroflex sounds are produced with the tongue tip curled or drawn back toward the postalveolar region.
• This tendency often reflects transfer from Indian languages containing retroflex consonants.
• The feature varies across speakers and should not be treated as universal.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
The English dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ are frequently replaced in Indian English by which sounds?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ do not occur in many Indian languages.
• Some speakers replace them with dental stops such as /t̪/ and /d̪/.
• This substitution may distinguish Indian English from many British and American accents.
• The substituted sounds remain dental rather than retroflex in careful pronunciation.
• Some speakers replace them with dental stops such as /t̪/ and /d̪/.
• This substitution may distinguish Indian English from many British and American accents.
• The substituted sounds remain dental rather than retroflex in careful pronunciation.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which comparison between aspiration in English and many Indian languages is most accurate?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• In English, aspiration commonly occurs as an allophonic feature of voiceless stops in particular phonetic environments.
• For example, /p/, /t/ and /k/ are usually aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
• In many Indian languages, aspirated and unaspirated stops can distinguish lexical meaning.
• This difference may influence how Indian English speakers perceive and produce English stops.
• For example, /p/, /t/ and /k/ are usually aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
• In many Indian languages, aspirated and unaspirated stops can distinguish lexical meaning.
• This difference may influence how Indian English speakers perceive and produce English stops.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Indian English rhythm is often described as tending toward which pattern?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Indian English is often described as showing a tendency toward syllable-timed rhythm.
• Successive syllables may receive more nearly equal duration and prominence than in strongly stress-timed accents.
• British and American English are traditionally described as more stress-timed.
• No natural language variety is perfectly syllable-timed or perfectly stress-timed.
• Successive syllables may receive more nearly equal duration and prominence than in strongly stress-timed accents.
• British and American English are traditionally described as more stress-timed.
• No natural language variety is perfectly syllable-timed or perfectly stress-timed.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which feature commonly contributes to a more syllable-timed impression in Indian English?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Some Indian English speakers preserve fuller vowel qualities in unstressed syllables.
• British and American varieties often use extensive vowel reduction, especially to schwa.
• Reduced vowel weakening can make successive syllables sound more equal in prominence.
• This tendency contributes to the perception of syllable-timed rhythm.
• British and American varieties often use extensive vowel reduction, especially to schwa.
• Reduced vowel weakening can make successive syllables sound more equal in prominence.
• This tendency contributes to the perception of syllable-timed rhythm.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
What phonological process occurs when a speaker inserts a vowel to make a difficult consonant cluster easier to pronounce?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Epenthesis is the insertion of a sound, commonly a vowel, into a word.
• Some speakers insert a vowel before or within an unfamiliar English consonant cluster.
• The process may reflect the syllable-structure patterns of the speaker's first language.
• Elision involves deletion, whereas epenthesis involves addition.
• Some speakers insert a vowel before or within an unfamiliar English consonant cluster.
• The process may reflect the syllable-structure patterns of the speaker's first language.
• Elision involves deletion, whereas epenthesis involves addition.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which statement about rhoticity in Indian English is most accurate?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Rhoticity refers to whether /r/ is pronounced in positions such as the end of car or before a consonant in hard.
• Indian English displays considerable variation between rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciation.
• Regional-language influence and educational models can affect the realisation of /r/.
• It is therefore inaccurate to classify every Indian English accent as uniformly rhotic or non-rhotic.
• Indian English displays considerable variation between rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciation.
• Regional-language influence and educational models can affect the realisation of /r/.
• It is therefore inaccurate to classify every Indian English accent as uniformly rhotic or non-rhotic.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
What is meant by spelling pronunciation?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Spelling pronunciation occurs when a speaker's pronunciation is strongly influenced by the written form of a word.
• Letters that are silent or weak in another variety may receive audible realisation.
• The tendency can be encouraged by formal classroom learning and extensive exposure to written English.
• It is not the same as using phonetic transcription.
• Letters that are silent or weak in another variety may receive audible realisation.
• The tendency can be encouraged by formal classroom learning and extensive exposure to written English.
• It is not the same as using phonetic transcription.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which comparison between traditional Received Pronunciation and General American is correct?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Traditional Received Pronunciation is generally non-rhotic.
• General American is generally rhotic and pronounces /r/ in words such as car and hard.
• Indian English may show either rhotic or non-rhotic tendencies.
• The comparison helps demonstrate that rhoticity varies among major English varieties.
• General American is generally rhotic and pronounces /r/ in words such as car and hard.
• Indian English may show either rhotic or non-rhotic tendencies.
• The comparison helps demonstrate that rhoticity varies among major English varieties.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Which realisation of /r/ may occur in Indian English under the influence of regional languages?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Some Indian English speakers realise /r/ as an alveolar tap or trill.
• These realisations occur in several Indian languages and may transfer into English pronunciation.
• Other Indian English speakers use an approximant closer to British or American models.
• The realisation of /r/ therefore varies considerably within Indian English.
• These realisations occur in several Indian languages and may transfer into English pronunciation.
• Other Indian English speakers use an approximant closer to British or American models.
• The realisation of /r/ therefore varies considerably within Indian English.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which English consonant contrast may be difficult for speakers whose first language does not clearly distinguish /v/ and /w/?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The /v/ and /w/ contrast is not organised in the same way in all Indian languages.
• Some speakers use an intermediate labiodental approximant or substitute one sound for the other.
• This can affect words such as vine and wine.
• The feature is regionally variable and is not shared by all Indian English speakers.
• Some speakers use an intermediate labiodental approximant or substitute one sound for the other.
• This can affect words such as vine and wine.
• The feature is regionally variable and is not shared by all Indian English speakers.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Consider the following statements.
Statement I: All varieties of Indian English have exactly the same rhythm.
Statement II: Syllable timing means that every syllable must have mathematically identical duration.
Statement I: All varieties of Indian English have exactly the same rhythm.
Statement II: Syllable timing means that every syllable must have mathematically identical duration.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is incorrect because Indian English contains substantial regional and social variation.
• Statement II is incorrect because syllable timing describes a rhythmic tendency rather than exact mathematical equality.
• Speakers may give syllables relatively even prominence without making every syllable identical in duration.
• Therefore, both statements are incorrect.
• Statement II is incorrect because syllable timing describes a rhythmic tendency rather than exact mathematical equality.
• Speakers may give syllables relatively even prominence without making every syllable identical in duration.
• Therefore, both statements are incorrect.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which of the following statements about Indian English phonology are correct?
1. Retroflex stops may occur under regional-language influence.
2. Unstressed vowels may be less reduced than in some British varieties.
3. Every Indian English accent is completely non-rhotic.
4. Consonant clusters may sometimes undergo vowel insertion.
1. Retroflex stops may occur under regional-language influence.
2. Unstressed vowels may be less reduced than in some British varieties.
3. Every Indian English accent is completely non-rhotic.
4. Consonant clusters may sometimes undergo vowel insertion.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because retroflexion can result from transfer from Indian languages.
• Statement 2 is correct because some speakers preserve fuller vowels in unstressed syllables.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because rhoticity varies among Indian English speakers.
• Statement 4 is correct because epenthesis may simplify difficult consonant clusters.
• Hence, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
• Statement 2 is correct because some speakers preserve fuller vowels in unstressed syllables.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because rhoticity varies among Indian English speakers.
• Statement 4 is correct because epenthesis may simplify difficult consonant clusters.
• Hence, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Assertion: Aspiration patterns in Indian English can differ from those of British and American English.
Reason: Many Indian languages possess a phonemic contrast between aspirated and unaspirated stops.
Reason: Many Indian languages possess a phonemic contrast between aspirated and unaspirated stops.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because Indian English speakers may transfer first-language aspiration patterns into English.
• The Reason is correct because many Indian languages use aspiration to distinguish words.
• English aspiration is generally conditioned by phonetic environment rather than lexical meaning.
• The phonemic role of aspiration in Indian languages helps explain variation in Indian English production.
• The Reason is correct because many Indian languages use aspiration to distinguish words.
• English aspiration is generally conditioned by phonetic environment rather than lexical meaning.
• The phonemic role of aspiration in Indian languages helps explain variation in Indian English production.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Match List I with List II.
List I: 1. Retroflexion 2. Epenthesis 3. Rhoticity 4. Spelling pronunciation
List II: a. Pronunciation of post-vocalic /r/ b. Insertion of a vowel in a consonant cluster c. Articulation with the tongue tip curled backward d. Pronunciation influenced by written letters
List I: 1. Retroflexion 2. Epenthesis 3. Rhoticity 4. Spelling pronunciation
List II: a. Pronunciation of post-vocalic /r/ b. Insertion of a vowel in a consonant cluster c. Articulation with the tongue tip curled backward d. Pronunciation influenced by written letters
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Retroflexion involves articulation with the tongue tip curled or drawn backward and is matched with c.
• Epenthesis is the insertion of a sound and is matched with b.
• Rhoticity concerns the pronunciation of /r/, especially after vowels, and is matched with a.
• Spelling pronunciation is pronunciation influenced by written letters and is matched with d.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d.
• Epenthesis is the insertion of a sound and is matched with b.
• Rhoticity concerns the pronunciation of /r/, especially after vowels, and is matched with a.
• Spelling pronunciation is pronunciation influenced by written letters and is matched with d.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which of the following is a suprasegmental rather than a segmental feature?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Intonation is a suprasegmental feature involving pitch movement across phrases and utterances.
• Retroflexion, dental articulation and aspiration describe properties of individual consonant segments.
• Other suprasegmental features include stress, rhythm and tone.
• Suprasegmental patterns can influence meaning, emphasis and discourse organisation.
• Retroflexion, dental articulation and aspiration describe properties of individual consonant segments.
• Other suprasegmental features include stress, rhythm and tone.
• Suprasegmental patterns can influence meaning, emphasis and discourse organisation.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
An Indian English speaker produces /t/ in tea with the tongue tip curled backward. Which feature does this illustrate?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Producing /t/ with the tongue tip curled backward illustrates retroflexion.
• The feature can arise through transfer from an Indian language containing retroflex stops.
• Standard British and American /t/ is normally alveolar rather than retroflex.
• The example concerns consonant place of articulation, not vowel quality.
• The feature can arise through transfer from an Indian language containing retroflex stops.
• Standard British and American /t/ is normally alveolar rather than retroflex.
• The example concerns consonant place of articulation, not vowel quality.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which term describes the prominence given to one syllable over others within a word?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Lexical stress is the relative prominence assigned to a syllable within a word.
• It may involve greater duration, intensity, pitch movement or vowel clarity.
• Indian English may differ from British or American varieties in the placement or degree of word stress.
• Stress differences can affect intelligibility when they obscure the recognition of familiar words.
• It may involve greater duration, intensity, pitch movement or vowel clarity.
• Indian English may differ from British or American varieties in the placement or degree of word stress.
• Stress differences can affect intelligibility when they obscure the recognition of familiar words.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which feature of intonation is most relevant when comparing Indian English with other English varieties?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Intonation concerns the movement and placement of pitch across an utterance.
• Varieties may differ in pitch range, nuclear stress placement and rising or falling contours.
• Indian English intonation can be influenced by regional languages and discourse conventions.
• Intonation contributes to emphasis, attitude, information structure and conversational meaning.
• Varieties may differ in pitch range, nuclear stress placement and rising or falling contours.
• Indian English intonation can be influenced by regional languages and discourse conventions.
• Intonation contributes to emphasis, attitude, information structure and conversational meaning.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which of the following is the odd one out because it is primarily suprasegmental?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Rhythm is a suprasegmental feature extending across syllables and words.
• Dental-fricative substitution concerns individual consonant segments.
• Retroflexion concerns place of articulation, while cluster simplification concerns segmental sequencing.
• Stress, rhythm and intonation are major suprasegmental domains.
• Dental-fricative substitution concerns individual consonant segments.
• Retroflexion concerns place of articulation, while cluster simplification concerns segmental sequencing.
• Stress, rhythm and intonation are major suprasegmental domains.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which comparison between Indian English and British or American English is most accurate?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Indian English may give successive syllables more even prominence than strongly stress-timed British or American accents.
• Some speakers also preserve fuller vowels in unstressed syllables.
• English varieties differ in degree rather than possessing or lacking rhythm, stress and intonation entirely.
• The comparison describes broad tendencies and not rules applying to every speaker.
• Some speakers also preserve fuller vowels in unstressed syllables.
• English varieties differ in degree rather than possessing or lacking rhythm, stress and intonation entirely.
• The comparison describes broad tendencies and not rules applying to every speaker.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Retroflexion is correctly associated with place of articulation.
• Rhoticity concerns whether /r/ is pronounced in positions such as after a vowel.
• Intonation concerns pitch movement across an utterance.
• Epenthesis means the insertion of a sound, not the deletion of a vowel.
• Therefore, Epenthesis — Deletion of a vowel is incorrectly matched.
• Rhoticity concerns whether /r/ is pronounced in positions such as after a vowel.
• Intonation concerns pitch movement across an utterance.
• Epenthesis means the insertion of a sound, not the deletion of a vowel.
• Therefore, Epenthesis — Deletion of a vowel is incorrectly matched.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Which principle provides the most appropriate basis for evaluating Indian English pronunciation in international communication?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Intelligibility refers to the extent to which listeners can recognise and understand a speaker's words and intended meaning.
• International communication does not require every speaker to imitate one native-speaker accent.
• Regional identity features need not be eliminated when they do not obstruct understanding.
• Teaching may focus on contrasts, stress patterns and pronunciation features that have the greatest effect on communication.
• International communication does not require every speaker to imitate one native-speaker accent.
• Regional identity features need not be eliminated when they do not obstruct understanding.
• Teaching may focus on contrasts, stress patterns and pronunciation features that have the greatest effect on communication.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
A speaker pronounces school with an initial vowel before the /sk/ cluster. Which process is illustrated?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Prothesis is the insertion of a sound at the beginning of a word.
• Adding a vowel before the initial /sk/ cluster is therefore a type of epenthesis.
• The process can make a consonant cluster conform more closely to the syllable structure of the speaker's first language.
• It differs from deletion, vowel harmony and metathesis.
• Adding a vowel before the initial /sk/ cluster is therefore a type of epenthesis.
• The process can make a consonant cluster conform more closely to the syllable structure of the speaker's first language.
• It differs from deletion, vowel harmony and metathesis.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. It includes several regional and social accents rather than one uniform accent సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: C. Retroflexion సమాధానం: C.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. Dental stops such as /t̪/ and /d̪/ సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. Aspiration is generally allophonic in English but can be phonemic in many Indian languages సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. Syllable timing సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. Reduced weakening of vowels in unstressed syllables సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Epenthesis సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Rhoticity varies according to region, first language, education and speaking style సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. Pronouncing a word in close accordance with its written form సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Traditional Received Pronunciation is generally non-rhotic, while General American is generally rhotic సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. An alveolar tap or trill సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: C. /v/ and /w/ సమాధానం: C.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect సమాధానం: B.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: A. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: A.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason helps explain the Assertion సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: C. 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d సమాధానం: C.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. Intonation సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. Retroflexion సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. Lexical stress సమాధానం: C.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: D. The placement and movement of pitch across an utterance సమాధానం: D.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. Rhythm సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: A. Indian English may show more even syllable prominence and less vowel reduction than many British or American accents సమాధానం: A.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Epenthesis — Deletion of a vowel సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. Intelligibility and successful communication across varieties సమాధానం: C.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: B. Prothesis, a type of epenthesis సమాధానం: B.