Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which option correctly matches the basis of classification of building stones with the corresponding principal categories?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Geological classification is based on the origin and mode of formation of the rock and divides rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic groups.
• Physical or structural classification considers the fabric of the rock and conventionally distinguishes stratified, unstratified and foliated stones in building-materials practice.
• Traditional civil-engineering chemical classification considers the predominant compositional character and uses the categories siliceous, argillaceous and calcareous.
• These systems answer different questions about the same stone and should not be interchanged merely because some rock types commonly occur in particular combinations.
• Therefore Option A correctly separates the basis and categories of the three classification systems.
• Physical or structural classification considers the fabric of the rock and conventionally distinguishes stratified, unstratified and foliated stones in building-materials practice.
• Traditional civil-engineering chemical classification considers the predominant compositional character and uses the categories siliceous, argillaceous and calcareous.
• These systems answer different questions about the same stone and should not be interchanged merely because some rock types commonly occur in particular combinations.
• Therefore Option A correctly separates the basis and categories of the three classification systems.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Consider the following statements about geological classification of rocks:
1. Igneous rocks form by cooling and solidification of molten material.
2. Sedimentary rocks commonly form through deposition followed by consolidation or cementation of sediments.
3. Metamorphic rocks form when pre-existing rocks are altered by heat, pressure or chemically active fluids without complete melting.
4. Complete melting is essential for a rock to become metamorphic.
Which statements are correct?
1. Igneous rocks form by cooling and solidification of molten material.
2. Sedimentary rocks commonly form through deposition followed by consolidation or cementation of sediments.
3. Metamorphic rocks form when pre-existing rocks are altered by heat, pressure or chemically active fluids without complete melting.
4. Complete melting is essential for a rock to become metamorphic.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because igneous rocks originate through cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
• Statement 2 is correct because sedimentary rocks commonly develop from deposited sediments that subsequently undergo compaction, cementation or other lithification processes.
• Statement 3 is correct because metamorphism alters pre-existing rock through heat, pressure and/or reactive fluids while the material remains essentially in the solid state.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because complete melting produces magma, whose later solidification generates igneous rock rather than metamorphic rock.
• Hence Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct and Option B is the unique answer.
• Statement 2 is correct because sedimentary rocks commonly develop from deposited sediments that subsequently undergo compaction, cementation or other lithification processes.
• Statement 3 is correct because metamorphism alters pre-existing rock through heat, pressure and/or reactive fluids while the material remains essentially in the solid state.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because complete melting produces magma, whose later solidification generates igneous rock rather than metamorphic rock.
• Hence Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct and Option B is the unique answer.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Under the conventional civil-engineering classification of building stones, which combination most appropriately describes granite?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Granite is geologically an igneous rock formed through cooling and crystallization of magma below the Earth's surface.
• In conventional physical classification it is treated as unstratified or massive because it does not possess primary sedimentary bedding.
• In traditional civil-engineering chemical classification granite is grouped among siliceous stones because silica-bearing minerals constitute a major part of the rock.
• The three descriptions refer respectively to geological origin, physical structure and compositional character and therefore do not conflict with one another.
• Consequently Option B is the appropriate combined classification.
• In conventional physical classification it is treated as unstratified or massive because it does not possess primary sedimentary bedding.
• In traditional civil-engineering chemical classification granite is grouped among siliceous stones because silica-bearing minerals constitute a major part of the rock.
• The three descriptions refer respectively to geological origin, physical structure and compositional character and therefore do not conflict with one another.
• Consequently Option B is the appropriate combined classification.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A quartz-rich building sandstone displaying clear bedding planes is being classified under three different systems. Which combination is the most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Sandstone is geologically a sedimentary rock produced by consolidation and cementation of sand-sized particles.
• Clear bedding planes place the stated sandstone in the stratified category under conventional physical classification.
• The question specifies a quartz-rich sandstone, so silica is the dominant compositional feature relevant to its traditional chemical classification.
• It is therefore appropriate to describe the specified stone as siliceous without assuming that every sandstone has exactly the same mineralogy or cement.
• Option B correctly combines its geological, physical and chemical classifications.
• Clear bedding planes place the stated sandstone in the stratified category under conventional physical classification.
• The question specifies a quartz-rich sandstone, so silica is the dominant compositional feature relevant to its traditional chemical classification.
• It is therefore appropriate to describe the specified stone as siliceous without assuming that every sandstone has exactly the same mineralogy or cement.
• Option B correctly combines its geological, physical and chemical classifications.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which combination is conventionally appropriate for a typical building limestone formed from sedimentary carbonate material in distinct beds?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Limestone is commonly classified geologically as a sedimentary rock because it forms through sedimentary processes involving carbonate material.
• When it occurs in distinct depositional beds, its physical classification is stratified.
• Limestone is chemically classified as calcareous because calcium carbonate is its characteristic major constituent.
• Geological origin, bedding structure and carbonate composition are separate properties even though they commonly occur together in limestone.
• Hence Option A is the appropriate combination.
• When it occurs in distinct depositional beds, its physical classification is stratified.
• Limestone is chemically classified as calcareous because calcium carbonate is its characteristic major constituent.
• Geological origin, bedding structure and carbonate composition are separate properties even though they commonly occur together in limestone.
• Hence Option A is the appropriate combination.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
An engineer describes marble as 'a sedimentary stone because its principal constituent is calcium carbonate.' What is the fundamental error in this statement?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Marble commonly consists predominantly of calcite or dolomite and is therefore placed in the calcareous group under traditional chemical classification.
• Its geological origin is different because marble is produced by metamorphism and recrystallization of limestone or dolomitic carbonate rock.
• A chemical label such as calcareous does not determine whether a rock is sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic.
• Limestone and marble illustrate this distinction particularly well because both may be calcareous even though their geological classifications differ.
• Therefore Option B correctly identifies the classification error.
• Its geological origin is different because marble is produced by metamorphism and recrystallization of limestone or dolomitic carbonate rock.
• A chemical label such as calcareous does not determine whether a rock is sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic.
• Limestone and marble illustrate this distinction particularly well because both may be calcareous even though their geological classifications differ.
• Therefore Option B correctly identifies the classification error.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which statement about slate is the most technically defensible when geological and traditional civil-engineering classifications are kept separate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock commonly produced by low-grade metamorphism of shale or another fine-grained argillaceous parent rock.
• Its characteristic slaty cleavage allows it to split into thin sheets or plates and is a metamorphic structural feature rather than proof of sedimentary origin.
• In traditional civil-engineering chemical classification, slate is commonly placed in the argillaceous group because of its clay-rich or aluminous compositional ancestry.
• Textbooks are not fully consistent in assigning slate to a single traditional physical category, with some using stratified and others emphasizing its metamorphic foliation or cleavage.
• Option B therefore relies only on the robust geological and compositional characteristics and avoids the disputed physical-label convention.
• Its characteristic slaty cleavage allows it to split into thin sheets or plates and is a metamorphic structural feature rather than proof of sedimentary origin.
• In traditional civil-engineering chemical classification, slate is commonly placed in the argillaceous group because of its clay-rich or aluminous compositional ancestry.
• Textbooks are not fully consistent in assigning slate to a single traditional physical category, with some using stratified and others emphasizing its metamorphic foliation or cleavage.
• Option B therefore relies only on the robust geological and compositional characteristics and avoids the disputed physical-label convention.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
A dense stone composed predominantly of recrystallized quartz has developed from quartz-rich sandstone under metamorphism. How should it be identified?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed principally by recrystallization of quartz-rich sandstone or related siliceous material.
• Its geological classification is therefore metamorphic even though its parent sandstone was sedimentary.
• Because quartz is predominantly silica, quartzite is categorized as siliceous under traditional chemical classification.
• Metamorphism can substantially change texture and fabric without producing an igneous rock because complete melting is not involved.
• Consequently Option A correctly identifies both the stone and its relevant classifications.
• Its geological classification is therefore metamorphic even though its parent sandstone was sedimentary.
• Because quartz is predominantly silica, quartzite is categorized as siliceous under traditional chemical classification.
• Metamorphism can substantially change texture and fabric without producing an igneous rock because complete melting is not involved.
• Consequently Option A correctly identifies both the stone and its relevant classifications.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
A stone exhibits pronounced mineral banding created during metamorphism and tends to show direction-dependent splitting and mechanical behaviour. Which physical classification is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Foliation is a planar or banded fabric that commonly develops in metamorphic rocks when minerals become aligned, segregated or recrystallized under directed stress.
• Gneiss and schist are familiar examples of rocks with pronounced metamorphic foliation.
• Such fabric can produce anisotropic behaviour because splitting and strength may differ with direction relative to the foliation.
• A visible planar feature should not automatically be interpreted as primary sedimentary bedding because its origin may be metamorphic.
• Therefore Option B is the appropriate structural classification.
• Gneiss and schist are familiar examples of rocks with pronounced metamorphic foliation.
• Such fabric can produce anisotropic behaviour because splitting and strength may differ with direction relative to the foliation.
• A visible planar feature should not automatically be interpreted as primary sedimentary bedding because its origin may be metamorphic.
• Therefore Option B is the appropriate structural classification.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which statement correctly classifies basalt in terms of geological origin and physical structure?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Basalt is an igneous rock formed through cooling and solidification of mafic lava or magma, commonly at or near the Earth's surface.
• Because extrusive basalt generally cools relatively rapidly, it is characteristically fine-grained compared with slowly cooled intrusive rocks such as many granites.
• In conventional physical classification of building stones, basalt is normally placed in the unstratified or massive group rather than the stratified group.
• Geological origin and physical structure are distinct criteria even though they are often correlated in common examples.
• Hence Option B correctly classifies basalt.
• Because extrusive basalt generally cools relatively rapidly, it is characteristically fine-grained compared with slowly cooled intrusive rocks such as many granites.
• In conventional physical classification of building stones, basalt is normally placed in the unstratified or massive group rather than the stratified group.
• Geological origin and physical structure are distinct criteria even though they are often correlated in common examples.
• Hence Option B correctly classifies basalt.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Match each rock with its geological description:
1. Granite
2. Basalt
3. Sandstone
4. Marble
P. Metamorphic rock produced by recrystallization of carbonate rock
Q. Intrusive igneous rock
R. Sedimentary rock commonly formed from cemented sand-sized particles
S. Extrusive igneous rock
1. Granite
2. Basalt
3. Sandstone
4. Marble
P. Metamorphic rock produced by recrystallization of carbonate rock
Q. Intrusive igneous rock
R. Sedimentary rock commonly formed from cemented sand-sized particles
S. Extrusive igneous rock
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Granite commonly forms by relatively slow cooling of magma below the surface and is therefore an intrusive igneous rock, giving 1-Q.
• Basalt commonly forms from rapidly cooled lava at or near the surface and is therefore an extrusive igneous rock, giving 2-S.
• Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of consolidated sand-sized particles, giving 3-R.
• Marble forms by metamorphic recrystallization of limestone or dolomitic carbonate rock, giving 4-P.
• The complete matching is therefore 1-Q, 2-S, 3-R and 4-P, which corresponds to Option A.
• Basalt commonly forms from rapidly cooled lava at or near the surface and is therefore an extrusive igneous rock, giving 2-S.
• Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of consolidated sand-sized particles, giving 3-R.
• Marble forms by metamorphic recrystallization of limestone or dolomitic carbonate rock, giving 4-P.
• The complete matching is therefore 1-Q, 2-S, 3-R and 4-P, which corresponds to Option A.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Match each specified protolith with its commonly associated metamorphic product under suitable metamorphic conditions:
1. Limestone
2. Quartz-rich sandstone
3. Shale
4. Granitic protolith
P. Slate
Q. Quartzite
R. Marble
S. Granitic gneiss
1. Limestone
2. Quartz-rich sandstone
3. Shale
4. Granitic protolith
P. Slate
Q. Quartzite
R. Marble
S. Granitic gneiss
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Limestone commonly recrystallizes during metamorphism to produce marble, so 1-R is correct.
• Quartz-rich sandstone can recrystallize to form quartzite, giving 2-Q.
• Low-grade metamorphism of shale commonly produces slate, giving 3-P.
• A granitic protolith subjected to appropriate metamorphism and deformation may develop into granitic gneiss, giving 4-S.
• The wording specifies a granitic protolith because gneiss as a broad rock type can develop from more than one kind of parent rock, and the complete matching is therefore 1-R, 2-Q, 3-P and 4-S.
• Quartz-rich sandstone can recrystallize to form quartzite, giving 2-Q.
• Low-grade metamorphism of shale commonly produces slate, giving 3-P.
• A granitic protolith subjected to appropriate metamorphism and deformation may develop into granitic gneiss, giving 4-S.
• The wording specifies a granitic protolith because gneiss as a broad rock type can develop from more than one kind of parent rock, and the complete matching is therefore 1-R, 2-Q, 3-P and 4-S.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Assertion (A): Marble is classified as a metamorphic rock even though its mineral composition may remain predominantly carbonate.
Reason (R): Geological classification depends on the mode of formation, whereas chemical classification depends principally on composition.
Choose the correct option.
Reason (R): Geological classification depends on the mode of formation, whereas chemical classification depends principally on composition.
Choose the correct option.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is true because marble develops through metamorphism and recrystallization of limestone or dolomitic carbonate rock.
• The Reason is also true because geological classification and chemical classification use different criteria.
• Geological classification identifies how the rock originated, while chemical classification groups the stone according to its predominant compositional character.
• Marble can therefore simultaneously be metamorphic geologically and calcareous chemically without contradiction.
• The Reason directly explains the Assertion, so Option A is correct.
• The Reason is also true because geological classification and chemical classification use different criteria.
• Geological classification identifies how the rock originated, while chemical classification groups the stone according to its predominant compositional character.
• Marble can therefore simultaneously be metamorphic geologically and calcareous chemically without contradiction.
• The Reason directly explains the Assertion, so Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
A stratified sandstone is being selected for load-bearing ashlar masonry. Which engineering interpretation of its classification is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Stratified sandstone contains natural bedding planes produced during sediment deposition and subsequent lithification.
• Such planes can introduce anisotropy because resistance to splitting and loading may differ with direction relative to the bedding.
• Quarrying and dressing should therefore identify the natural bed rather than treat the stone as an isotropic manufactured material.
• In conventional load-bearing stone masonry practice, stratified stones are generally laid on their natural bed so that major compressive loading acts approximately normal to the bedding planes.
• Consequently Option B gives the appropriate engineering interpretation.
• Such planes can introduce anisotropy because resistance to splitting and loading may differ with direction relative to the bedding.
• Quarrying and dressing should therefore identify the natural bed rather than treat the stone as an isotropic manufactured material.
• In conventional load-bearing stone masonry practice, stratified stones are generally laid on their natural bed so that major compressive loading acts approximately normal to the bedding planes.
• Consequently Option B gives the appropriate engineering interpretation.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
A quarried stone contains obvious parallel depositional beds and visible sand-sized grains cemented together, but no chemical analysis is available. Which conclusion is justified from the stated observations?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Parallel depositional beds and consolidated sand-sized particles strongly support a sedimentary origin.
• The visible layered structure also supports classification of the stone as stratified under the physical classification system.
• Neither observation alone establishes whether silica, carbonate material or another constituent chemically predominates.
• Chemical classification requires information about composition rather than merely the geometry of the bedding.
• Therefore Option A makes only the conclusions justified by the observed evidence.
• The visible layered structure also supports classification of the stone as stratified under the physical classification system.
• Neither observation alone establishes whether silica, carbonate material or another constituent chemically predominates.
• Chemical classification requires information about composition rather than merely the geometry of the bedding.
• Therefore Option A makes only the conclusions justified by the observed evidence.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which statement best explains why the same building stone may legitimately receive three different classification labels?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A classification label is meaningful only in relation to the property or criterion on which that classification is based.
• Geological classification describes the origin or formative history of the rock.
• Physical classification describes structural characteristics such as bedding, massive structure or foliation, while traditional chemical classification describes predominant compositional character.
• Thus granite may be described as igneous, unstratified and siliceous simultaneously because each term answers a different question about the same material.
• Option A therefore correctly explains why several labels can coexist without contradiction.
• Geological classification describes the origin or formative history of the rock.
• Physical classification describes structural characteristics such as bedding, massive structure or foliation, while traditional chemical classification describes predominant compositional character.
• Thus granite may be described as igneous, unstratified and siliceous simultaneously because each term answers a different question about the same material.
• Option A therefore correctly explains why several labels can coexist without contradiction.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which of the following rock-classification pairs is INCORRECT?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Granite is correctly classified as an igneous rock and is commonly intrusive in origin.
• Sandstone is correctly classified as a sedimentary rock produced by lithification of sand-sized sediment.
• Marble is correctly classified as metamorphic because it develops through recrystallization of carbonate parent rock under metamorphic conditions.
• Basalt, however, is an igneous rock commonly formed by cooling of lava and is therefore not a sedimentary rock.
• Hence Option D is the incorrect rock-classification pair.
• Sandstone is correctly classified as a sedimentary rock produced by lithification of sand-sized sediment.
• Marble is correctly classified as metamorphic because it develops through recrystallization of carbonate parent rock under metamorphic conditions.
• Basalt, however, is an igneous rock commonly formed by cooling of lava and is therefore not a sedimentary rock.
• Hence Option D is the incorrect rock-classification pair.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Under the traditional chemical classification of building stones, what is the primary basis for calling a stone 'siliceous'?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Chemical classification concerns the dominant compositional character of a stone rather than its mode of geological formation.
• A stone is termed siliceous when silica is the predominant or characteristic constituent for this conventional classification.
• Quartzite and many quartz-rich sandstones are clear examples, while granite is also conventionally included in the siliceous group in building-material classifications.
• Bedding and foliation are physical or structural features and do not determine whether a stone is chemically siliceous.
• Therefore Option B correctly states the basis of the siliceous category.
• A stone is termed siliceous when silica is the predominant or characteristic constituent for this conventional classification.
• Quartzite and many quartz-rich sandstones are clear examples, while granite is also conventionally included in the siliceous group in building-material classifications.
• Bedding and foliation are physical or structural features and do not determine whether a stone is chemically siliceous.
• Therefore Option B correctly states the basis of the siliceous category.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Limestone and marble may both be placed in the calcareous group even though they differ geologically. Which statement best explains this?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Calcareous classification is based on the predominance of carbonate constituents rather than on the geological process by which the stone formed.
• Limestone is ordinarily classified geologically as a sedimentary rock.
• Marble is metamorphic because it forms by recrystallization of limestone or other carbonate-rich parent rock under metamorphic conditions.
• Both can nevertheless be categorized as calcareous under a separate compositional classification.
• Therefore Option B correctly distinguishes their chemical similarity from their different geological origins.
• Limestone is ordinarily classified geologically as a sedimentary rock.
• Marble is metamorphic because it forms by recrystallization of limestone or other carbonate-rich parent rock under metamorphic conditions.
• Both can nevertheless be categorized as calcareous under a separate compositional classification.
• Therefore Option B correctly distinguishes their chemical similarity from their different geological origins.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
A student argues that any stone with a visibly crystalline texture must be igneous. Which example most directly disproves this argument?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Crystalline texture describes the presence and arrangement of mineral crystals and does not by itself determine geological origin.
• Igneous rocks such as granite may certainly be crystalline because minerals crystallize as magma cools.
• Metamorphic processes can also produce extensive recrystallization without complete melting of the original rock.
• Marble provides a clear example because recrystallized carbonate minerals produce a crystalline texture even though the rock is metamorphic.
• Therefore Option A disproves the claim that crystalline appearance necessarily implies igneous origin.
• Igneous rocks such as granite may certainly be crystalline because minerals crystallize as magma cools.
• Metamorphic processes can also produce extensive recrystallization without complete melting of the original rock.
• Marble provides a clear example because recrystallized carbonate minerals produce a crystalline texture even though the rock is metamorphic.
• Therefore Option A disproves the claim that crystalline appearance necessarily implies igneous origin.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which comparison between granite and basalt is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Granite and basalt both belong to the igneous geological group because they form by solidification of molten rock material.
• Granite commonly crystallizes slowly at depth and is therefore typically intrusive with comparatively coarse visible grains.
• Basalt commonly forms from lava at or near the surface and cools more rapidly, producing a finer-grained texture.
• Intrusive and extrusive describe environments of igneous formation rather than the stratified or foliated categories of physical classification.
• Therefore Option B correctly compares the two rocks.
• Granite commonly crystallizes slowly at depth and is therefore typically intrusive with comparatively coarse visible grains.
• Basalt commonly forms from lava at or near the surface and cools more rapidly, producing a finer-grained texture.
• Intrusive and extrusive describe environments of igneous formation rather than the stratified or foliated categories of physical classification.
• Therefore Option B correctly compares the two rocks.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which statement most accurately distinguishes stratification from foliation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Stratification refers primarily to layering produced during deposition and lithification of sedimentary material.
• Foliation is a planar metamorphic fabric commonly produced by mineral alignment, segregation or deformation under directed stress and recrystallization.
• Both may appear visually as planar features, but their origins are fundamentally different.
• Treating every visible plane as sedimentary bedding can therefore lead to incorrect interpretation of metamorphic rocks.
• Option A correctly distinguishes the two structural concepts.
• Foliation is a planar metamorphic fabric commonly produced by mineral alignment, segregation or deformation under directed stress and recrystallization.
• Both may appear visually as planar features, but their origins are fundamentally different.
• Treating every visible plane as sedimentary bedding can therefore lead to incorrect interpretation of metamorphic rocks.
• Option A correctly distinguishes the two structural concepts.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Thin slabs are to be cut from a strongly foliated metamorphic stone for exterior cladding. Which engineering consideration follows most directly from its physical classification?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Strong foliation introduces a preferred planar fabric into the stone and can make its mechanical behaviour anisotropic.
• Thin slabs may split or delaminate more readily along weak foliation planes than across them.
• The orientation of those planes relative to the slab surface, fixings, loading and weather exposure therefore deserves attention during selection and fabrication.
• Foliation does not determine whether the stone is chemically calcareous, siliceous or argillaceous.
• Hence Option A is the relevant engineering implication of the stated physical classification.
• Thin slabs may split or delaminate more readily along weak foliation planes than across them.
• The orientation of those planes relative to the slab surface, fixings, loading and weather exposure therefore deserves attention during selection and fabrication.
• Foliation does not determine whether the stone is chemically calcareous, siliceous or argillaceous.
• Hence Option A is the relevant engineering implication of the stated physical classification.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Consider the following statements:
1. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock.
2. Granite is generally treated as unstratified in conventional building-stone classification.
3. Slate is a metamorphic rock characterized by slaty cleavage.
4. The term calcareous by itself proves that a rock is sedimentary.
Which statements are correct?
1. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock.
2. Granite is generally treated as unstratified in conventional building-stone classification.
3. Slate is a metamorphic rock characterized by slaty cleavage.
4. The term calcareous by itself proves that a rock is sedimentary.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because sandstone forms through lithification of sand-sized sediment and is therefore sedimentary.
• Statement 2 is correct because granite is a massive crystalline igneous rock conventionally placed in the unstratified physical category.
• Statement 3 is correct because slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock possessing characteristic slaty cleavage.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because calcareous is a compositional description; sedimentary limestone and metamorphic marble can both be calcareous.
• Therefore Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct and Option B is the unique answer.
• Statement 2 is correct because granite is a massive crystalline igneous rock conventionally placed in the unstratified physical category.
• Statement 3 is correct because slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock possessing characteristic slaty cleavage.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because calcareous is a compositional description; sedimentary limestone and metamorphic marble can both be calcareous.
• Therefore Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct and Option B is the unique answer.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
An engineer is given four descriptions. Which one correctly keeps geological and physical classification concepts separate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Sedimentary is a geological term describing the origin of a rock, whereas stratified is a structural term describing recognizable layering.
• Many sedimentary rocks are stratified because sediment is commonly deposited in layers, which explains the strong association between the two terms.
• The terms are nevertheless not identical because classification by origin and classification by structure use different criteria.
• Similarly, not every metamorphic rock is foliated; marble and quartzite are well-known examples of commonly non-foliated metamorphic rocks.
• Therefore Option A correctly maintains the distinction between geological and physical classification.
• Many sedimentary rocks are stratified because sediment is commonly deposited in layers, which explains the strong association between the two terms.
• The terms are nevertheless not identical because classification by origin and classification by structure use different criteria.
• Similarly, not every metamorphic rock is foliated; marble and quartzite are well-known examples of commonly non-foliated metamorphic rocks.
• Therefore Option A correctly maintains the distinction between geological and physical classification.
వివరణ:
Question 26
ప్రశ్న 26
Match each building stone with the most appropriate classification description:
1. Granite
2. Limestone
3. Quartzite
4. Gneiss
P. Metamorphic, commonly massive or non-foliated, and siliceous
Q. Sedimentary, commonly stratified, and calcareous
R. Metamorphic with a characteristic foliated or banded fabric; chemical grouping depends on actual composition
S. Igneous, commonly unstratified, and traditionally siliceous
1. Granite
2. Limestone
3. Quartzite
4. Gneiss
P. Metamorphic, commonly massive or non-foliated, and siliceous
Q. Sedimentary, commonly stratified, and calcareous
R. Metamorphic with a characteristic foliated or banded fabric; chemical grouping depends on actual composition
S. Igneous, commonly unstratified, and traditionally siliceous
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Granite is igneous in origin, generally massive or unstratified and conventionally grouped as siliceous, so 1-S is correct.
• Limestone is ordinarily sedimentary, commonly stratified and calcareous, giving 2-Q.
• Quartzite is metamorphic, commonly massive or non-foliated, and strongly siliceous because it consists predominantly of recrystallized quartz, giving 3-P.
• Gneiss is a metamorphic rock characterized by foliated or compositional banding, but its precise chemical grouping cannot be inferred merely from foliation because its mineral composition and protolith can vary, giving 4-R.
• Therefore the complete correct matching is 1-S, 2-Q, 3-P and 4-R, which corresponds to Option A.
• Limestone is ordinarily sedimentary, commonly stratified and calcareous, giving 2-Q.
• Quartzite is metamorphic, commonly massive or non-foliated, and strongly siliceous because it consists predominantly of recrystallized quartz, giving 3-P.
• Gneiss is a metamorphic rock characterized by foliated or compositional banding, but its precise chemical grouping cannot be inferred merely from foliation because its mineral composition and protolith can vary, giving 4-R.
• Therefore the complete correct matching is 1-S, 2-Q, 3-P and 4-R, which corresponds to Option A.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. Geological — igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic; Physical — stratified, unstratified, foliated; Chemical — siliceous, argillaceous, calcareous సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3 only సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: B. Igneous, unstratified and siliceous సమాధానం: B.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: B. Sedimentary — stratified — siliceous సమాధానం: B.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. Sedimentary — stratified — calcareous సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. The statement confuses chemical composition with geological origin; marble is metamorphic although it is chemically calcareous. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: B. Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock with characteristic slaty cleavage and is traditionally placed in the argillaceous group on compositional grounds. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: A. Quartzite — metamorphic and siliceous సమాధానం: A.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. Foliated because metamorphic fabric has produced a preferred planar structure సమాధానం: B.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. It is an igneous rock, commonly extrusive, and is generally treated as unstratified in conventional building-stone classification. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: A. 1-Q, 2-S, 3-R, 4-P సమాధానం: A.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: A. 1-R, 2-Q, 3-P, 4-S సమాధానం: A.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. Its natural bedding should be recognized during quarrying, dressing and laying because strength and splitting behaviour may be direction-dependent. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. It can reasonably be identified as a stratified sedimentary stone, but its chemical classification should not be assigned solely from the presence of bedding. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. Each classification uses a different criterion such as origin, physical structure or chemical composition. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: D. Basalt — sedimentary సమాధానం: D.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. Silica is the predominant or characteristic constituent relevant to the classification. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: B. Chemical classification groups them by carbonate-rich composition, while geological classification distinguishes sedimentary limestone from metamorphic marble. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Marble, because it can have a visibly crystalline texture produced by metamorphic recrystallization సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. Both are igneous; granite is commonly intrusive and coarser-grained, whereas basalt is commonly extrusive and finer-grained. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: A. Stratification generally reflects primary depositional layering, whereas foliation is a planar fabric commonly developed during metamorphism. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: A. Orientation of foliation should be examined because splitting strength and durability of thin pieces may be direction-dependent. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3 only సమాధానం: B.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: A. Sedimentary describes origin, while stratified describes a layered physical structure that commonly, but not invariably in every conceivable case, accompanies sedimentary rocks. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 26 ప్రశ్న 26Answer: A. 1-S, 2-Q, 3-P, 4-R సమాధానం: A.