Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
A municipal engineering department uses GIS to locate water-main assets, link maintenance records and identify sections intersecting a proposed road excavation. Which description BEST defines the GIS function involved?
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Explanation:
A geographic information system integrates spatial locations with information describing the associated features. It supports data capture, storage, editing, querying, analysis and visualisation. Water-main alignments can be represented as line features with linked asset records. A proposed excavation can be compared spatially with those alignments to identify affected sections. The results can support maintenance planning and field verification. GIS does not replace the need for reliable survey coordinates or accurate asset records.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which set correctly identifies the commonly recognised principal COMPONENTS required for an operational GIS?
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Explanation:
GIS requires computing hardware to store and process geographical information. Software provides tools for editing, mapping, querying and analysis. Spatial and descriptive data form the information being managed. Trained people interpret results, maintain quality and make engineering decisions. Methods and procedures define how information is collected, verified and used. Having a GIS application alone is insufficient if the underlying data and workflow are unreliable.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
In a GIS record for a sewer manhole, the point geometry locates its centre, while a field stores the manhole identification number and another stores the cover level. Which classification is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Spatial data describe where a feature is located and may also describe its shape. A manhole centre can be stored as a vector point with coordinates. An identification number describes the asset but does not determine its geometric position. The cover level is a descriptive numeric attribute in the specified record. These attributes can be queried or displayed alongside the spatial feature. A height value can also participate in three-dimensional modelling when a suitable spatial geometry and vertical reference are provided, but it remains an attribute in the question's stated data model.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A water-utility GIS stores pipe polylines in one table and inspection histories in another. Which database design MOST reliably associates inspection records with the correct pipe, including multiple inspections of the same pipe?
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Explanation:
A stable unique identifier distinguishes one pipe asset from another. The asset table can use this field as its primary key. An inspection-history table can store the same asset identifier as a foreign key. Several inspections can then correctly reference the same pipe without duplicating its geometry. Material and map colour are unsuitable unique identifiers because many features can share them. Referential integrity checks help detect inspection records whose asset identifiers do not correspond to a stored pipe.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
For a CITY UTILITY MAP, which set of VECTOR geometries is the most appropriate representation of manhole centres, pipe centreline alignments and service-area boundaries, respectively?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A point is appropriate for an asset whose location is important at the mapping scale, such as a manhole centre. A polyline represents a long, narrow alignment such as a water main. A polygon represents the enclosed area covered by a service zone. Vector features are stored using coordinate-based geometry. Each feature can carry attributes such as pipe diameter or service-zone name. The geometry type should follow the mapping purpose and expected level of detail.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which GIS data model is MOST suitable for storing a digital elevation model (DEM) in which each regular grid cell represents an elevation value over a mapped area?
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Explanation:
A raster consists of a regular arrangement of cells identified by rows and columns. Each cell stores a value associated with its geographic footprint. A digital elevation model commonly uses those values to represent terrain elevations. Raster tools can derive slope and other terrain properties from suitable elevation grids. The cell size influences the detail represented by the DEM. A raster DEM does not by itself guarantee elevation accuracy, which also depends on its source observations and processing.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Two GIS elevation rasters cover the same area and use square cells measuring 5 m and 25 m, respectively. Other conditions being comparable, which statement about their NOMINAL SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS is correct?
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Explanation:
Raster spatial resolution is commonly described by the ground dimensions of its cells. A 5 m square cell covers a smaller area than a 25 m square cell. This allows the 5 m grid to represent spatial changes at a finer nominal scale. Smaller cells also tend to increase the number of cells needed for a fixed extent. Finer cell spacing cannot recreate terrain detail absent from the original observations. Therefore nominal resolution and the actual accuracy of the elevation surface must be considered separately.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
A projected GIS flood-depth raster has square cells of 5 m by 5 m. Exactly 40 distinct, non-overlapping cells are classified as flooded, and their whole cell footprints are counted. What PLANIMETRIC flooded area do those cells represent?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Each raster cell represents 5 multiplied by 5 = 25 square metres of plan area. The question states that the 40 flooded cells are distinct and non-overlapping. Their total footprint is therefore 40 multiplied by 25 square metres. This equals 1000 square metres. The calculation assumes the projected coordinates and stated cell dimensions are suitable for the required planar area measurement. Counting whole cells is an approximation to an irregular real flood boundary when that boundary cuts through individual cells.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
A rainfall raster distinguishes valid measured rainfall of 0 mm from cells for which no observation or valid model value is available. What is the correct use of a NoData value?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A valid zero is an actual observed or modelled quantity. NoData indicates a cell for which usable data are absent under the dataset convention. Many raster calculations treat NoData differently from valid numerical values. Replacing missing rainfall observations with zero would introduce an unwarranted physical assumption. GIS processing settings determine how NoData cells are propagated or ignored. The analyst should inspect the dataset's NoData definition before interpreting or aggregating raster values.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
A GIS contains separate georeferenced vector layers for water mains, roads, parcels and manholes. What is the MAIN advantage of maintaining these as independently managed THEMATIC LAYERS?
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Explanation:
Thematic layers group features according to their subject and data model. Roads and water mains can be maintained as separate line datasets. Parcels can be stored as polygons and manholes as points. Layer separation supports specialised attribute fields, display styles and editing workflows. When coordinate references are compatible, the layers can be overlaid and spatially compared. Independent storage does not excuse inconsistent coordinate systems or missing control information.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
A manhole layer has an ASSET_ID field, while an inspection table has the same identifier and multiple dated inspection records. To connect matching records based on the common identifier, rather than on distance or containment, which method is appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
An attribute relationship matches records using values stored in corresponding fields. Here ASSET_ID provides the common field identifying the manhole. A one-to-many relationship is appropriate when one manhole has several inspection records. A spatial join instead associates features according to geometric relationships such as containment or intersection. The presence of matching identifiers makes a keyed relationship more direct and reliable for this use. Duplicate or missing identifiers still require data-quality checks.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which statement correctly distinguishes a GEOGRAPHIC coordinate reference system from a typical PROJECTED coordinate reference system in practical GIS?
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Explanation:
A geographic coordinate reference system defines positions using angular coordinates referenced to an Earth model. Latitude and longitude are commonly expressed in degrees. A projected system uses a mathematical mapping to represent locations on a plane. Its easting and northing values use specified linear units such as metres. Projection-related scale distortion must be assessed for precise distance and area work. Degrees cannot be used as if they were metres in an ordinary engineering distance calculation.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
A surveyor receives a parcel layer whose coordinates are stored correctly in geographic latitude and longitude, but the engineering map requires an appropriate metre-based projected CRS. Which operation actually CHANGES the stored coordinates into the intended projected system?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A coordinate transformation computes new coordinate values in the destination reference system. The correct source coordinate reference system must be known before that calculation is performed. Assigning a CRS label without changing coordinates is not reprojection. Incorrect relabelling can place otherwise correct features in the wrong location. Map display systems may project layers on the fly, but analysis and data exchange require attention to actual dataset reference systems. The destination CRS should also be suitable for the engineering site's measurement needs.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Two survey-control points have projected METRIC grid coordinates A(E=1000 m, N=2000 m) and B(E=1150 m, N=1800 m). Assuming the task requests Euclidean PLANAR grid distance, what is distance AB?
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Explanation:
The difference in easting is 1150 - 1000 = +150 m. The difference in northing is 1800 - 2000 = -200 m. Euclidean planar distance is the square root of the sum of the squared coordinate differences. Hence AB = sqrt(150^2 + (-200)^2) = sqrt(62500) m. The grid distance equals 250 m. The question specifically requests planar distance, so no ground-to-grid scale correction is implied.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
For a GIS network model of municipal water pipes, which TOPOLOGICAL relationship is most important for determining whether flow routes can connect through successive pipe segments?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Topology describes spatial relationships between features rather than just their visual appearance. In a pipe network, edges represent pipe segments and nodes represent junctions or endpoints. Connectivity records which edges meet at which nodes. This allows GIS network analysis to trace routes through connected segments. A tiny gap between digitised pipe endpoints may interrupt connectivity despite appearing joined at ordinary map scale. Network analysis can also require flow-direction, valve-status and other engineering attributes beyond basic geometric connectivity.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
An engineering GIS stores a set of non-overlapping cadastral parcel polygons intended to partition a defined project boundary completely. Which topology quality rules are MOST appropriate within that specified boundary?
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Explanation:
The question states that the parcel polygons are intended to form a complete partition. Under that data model, each interior location should belong to one parcel rather than two overlapping parcels. There should also be no unintended uncovered gaps inside the defined partition area. Coincident shared boundaries prevent narrow slivers and inconsistent areas. Topology validation can identify overlap and gap errors introduced during digitisation. These rules are specific to a parcel partition and should not be imposed automatically on unrelated overlapping thematic polygons.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
During digitisation of a water-distribution network, two intended pipe endpoints are separated by 0.08 m because of coordinate-entry error. Which GIS editing function is most directly intended to make them coincide when an appropriate tolerance has been selected?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Snapping aligns vertices or endpoints to nearby reference geometries within a chosen tolerance. It can correct small unintended geometric gaps in a vector network. Here the two pipe endpoints are supposed to share a junction. Moving the appropriate endpoint to the intended node can restore the geometric connection. The tolerance must be selected carefully so that nearby but genuinely separate pipes are not incorrectly joined. Topological validation should confirm the resulting network connectivity.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
A scanned old utility map has pixel row-and-column coordinates but no reliable ground-coordinate information. What is the PRIMARY purpose of GEOREFERENCING it using surveyed ground control points?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A raw scanned image is usually referenced only by its pixel coordinates. Ground control points identify corresponding positions in the image and the selected map coordinate system. A transformation uses those correspondences to position the image spatially. After georeferencing, the raster can be displayed and compared with other appropriately referenced GIS layers. The quality depends on control distribution, image distortions and transformation choice. Georeferencing cannot by itself repair inaccurate utility alignments drawn on the original map.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which statement correctly describes ON-SCREEN DIGITISATION of a buried-water-main alignment from a properly georeferenced engineering drawing?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
On-screen digitisation converts interpreted map features into coordinate-based vector geometry. The surveyor or operator traces the visible alignment using a georeferenced image or drawing. The resulting line can be assigned attributes such as pipe identifier and diameter if trustworthy records are available. Positional quality is limited by the source map accuracy, georeferencing and operator interpretation. An underground pipe drawn approximately on an old plan is not made survey-accurate merely by digitising it. Critical locations should be checked against field evidence and reliable asset documentation.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
A two-dimensional FIRST-ORDER AFFINE georeferencing transformation has six independent coefficients: x' = a0 + a1*x + a2*y and y' = b0 + b1*x + b2*y. What is the MINIMUM number of suitably located, NON-COLLINEAR ground-control-point pairs needed to determine all six coefficients uniquely in the absence of measurement error?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A first-order affine transformation has three coefficients for the transformed x coordinate. It has another three coefficients for the transformed y coordinate. Each ground-control-point pair contributes one equation in x and one in y. Three point pairs therefore provide six scalar equations for the six unknown coefficients. The three source control points must be non-collinear so that the equations are independent. More distributed control points are preferable in practice because they provide redundancy and help assess fit and residuals.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A GIS engineer wants to identify the EXISTING manholes that lie INSIDE a mapped road-widening polygon, without first altering their point geometries. Which basic operation is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The required test is whether each manhole's location lies inside the widening area. A spatial selection compares the geometry of the manhole points with the geometry of the polygon. The within or point-in-polygon relationship identifies the appropriate set under the selected boundary convention. The operation can select existing features without changing their coordinates. The selected identifiers can then be used for inspection, relocation planning or reporting. If features exactly on the boundary matter, the engineer should specify whether those boundary points are included.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
A GIS point-buffer operation uses a planar METRIC projected CRS and creates a perfect circular buffer of radius 20.000 m around a single isolated well location. Ignoring polygon-segmentation approximation, what is the BUFFER AREA to three decimal places?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A point buffer represents locations within a specified distance of the input point. With planar Euclidean distance and a radius of 20 m, the boundary is a circle. Its area is pi multiplied by the square of the radius. Thus A = pi multiplied by 20^2 = 400 pi square metres. This evaluates to approximately 1256.637 square metres. Real GIS software often approximates circular boundaries by line segments, so computed polygon area can differ slightly unless sufficient geometric resolution is used.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
A GIS contains polygon layers for proposed construction zones and mapped flood-prone areas. The engineer needs the PARTS OF CONSTRUCTION ZONES THAT SPATIALLY OVERLAP flood-prone areas, retaining the relevant attributes from BOTH polygon layers. Which overlay operation is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Intersection returns the geometry shared by the input layers. For polygon inputs, the output contains overlapping polygon portions under the chosen processing rules. The operation can retain attributes identifying both the construction zone and flood-prone area. This permits the affected construction area to be calculated or reported by zone. A clip can retain only the input layer's attributes depending on the tool, whereas the question explicitly requests both sets. Coordinate references and polygon validity should be checked before overlay analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A GIS engineer calculates the magnitude of terrain slope between TWO elevation samples using a vertical rise of 2.5 m over a HORIZONTAL plan distance of 50.0 m. If percentage slope is defined as 100*(rise/horizontal distance), what is the slope?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Percentage slope is the elevation difference divided by horizontal distance and multiplied by 100. The vertical rise is 2.5 m and the horizontal distance is 50.0 m. Their ratio is 2.5/50.0 = 0.05. Multiplying by 100 gives a slope of 5.0 percent. The horizontal separation must not be replaced by the slope distance when using the stated formula. GIS terrain analyses derived from a DEM apply related calculations to elevation changes over mapped horizontal distances.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
For a municipal WATER-SUPPLY GIS intended to support maintenance and construction, which complete data-management approach is MOST defensible?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A useful engineering GIS must locate assets in a consistent spatial reference. Pipes and junctions need geometry appropriate for mapping and network analysis. Stable feature identifiers link their locations to material, diameter and maintenance records. Connectivity and polygon or line geometry should be checked where the analysis depends on those relationships. Survey control and field verification are important when older plans or digitised records have uncertain accuracy. GIS supports engineering decisions most effectively when spatial data quality and descriptive records are maintained together.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. A system for capturing, managing, analysing and displaying geographically referenced information together with its descriptive data. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: D. Hardware, software, data, people and methods or procedures. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. The point geometry is spatial data, while the identification number and cover level are attribute data. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. Assign each pipe a unique stable pipe identifier and store that identifier as a foreign key in each related inspection record. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: D. Point, polyline and polygon. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. A raster grid with elevation values assigned to cells. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: A. The 5 m raster has finer nominal spatial resolution because each cell covers a smaller ground area. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. 1000 m^2. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. NoData means missing or invalid raster information and must not automatically be treated as a valid measurement of zero. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: D. It permits independent editing and symbolisation while allowing compatible layers to be overlaid for analysis. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: B. An attribute-key join or a one-to-many table relationship using ASSET_ID. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: C. A geographic system commonly uses angular latitude and longitude, while a projected system uses planar easting and northing coordinates in specified linear units. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Reproject or transform the coordinates using the known source CRS and required destination CRS. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: D. 250 m. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: B. Connectivity between nodes and edges representing pipe junctions and segments. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: C. Parcels should have no unintended overlaps or gaps, and shared boundaries should coincide. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. Snapping the endpoint to the intended node or neighbouring endpoint. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: D. To establish a coordinate transformation relating locations in the image to the selected real-world coordinate system. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: B. The operator traces the alignment as vector geometry using the drawing as a reference, but the positional quality remains limited by the drawing and digitising process. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. Three pairs. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. Select features by location using the point-in-polygon or within relationship. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. 1256.637 m^2. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: B. Vector polygon INTERSECTION (Intersect) of the two layers. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. 5.0%. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: A. Maintain spatially referenced pipe and asset geometry with reliable identifiers and attributes, check coordinate reference systems and network connectivity, and verify critical locations against survey control and field records. సమాధానం: A.