Test 23 - Bearing Capacity Fundamentals

Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1

A square footing is progressively loaded on soil until the supporting ground develops a bearing-capacity shear failure. Which term denotes the gross average pressure at the foundation base at that limiting condition?

A Net safe bearing pressure. B Gross ultimate bearing capacity or pressure. C Settlement-controlled allowable net pressure. D Initial effective overburden pressure at foundation level.

Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2

A shallow footing rests on dense sand, and its load-settlement curve exhibits a distinct peak followed by appreciable ground heave and well-developed failure surfaces reaching the ground surface. Which failure mechanism is indicated?

A Punching shear with negligible soil disturbance outside the footing. B Local shear with indistinct failure zones and no load peak. C General shear failure. D Pure consolidation settlement without shear failure.

Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3

A trial footing on moderately compressible soil develops partial shear surfaces, modest bulging alongside the footing and a gradual load-settlement response without a sharply defined peak. Which classification is most appropriate?

A Local shear failure. B General shear failure with a complete surface mechanism. C Purely elastic compression with no shear mobilization. D A mandatory sign of bedrock immediately below the footing.

Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4

A footing on very loose saturated granular soil undergoes substantial downward penetration, with nearly vertical shearing around its perimeter and little visible surface heave. What is the most likely idealized failure mode?

A General shear failure in very dense material. B Local shear with a well-defined peak load and extensive heave. C Sliding of the entire footing along a horizontal structural joint. D Punching shear failure.

Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5

An engineer compares plate-load responses from dense sand and loose sand under otherwise similar testing conditions. Which interpretation of failure indication is most defensible?

A Both curves must show exactly the same sharp ultimate-pressure peak. B Dense sand may show a clearer general-shear peak, whereas loose sand may experience progressive local or punching deformation without a sharply identifiable peak. C Loose sand must always have a larger ultimate pressure because it compresses more. D A lack of a sharp peak proves that settlement is zero.

Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6

A proposed footing bears on a dense sand crust only 0.8 m thick, underlain by very soft clay. Which approach to selecting the governing bearing-capacity failure mechanism is appropriate?

A Assume general shear confined to the dense sand because the surface layer is dense. B Ignore the clay because it is below the footing contact level. C Assess possible punching through the sand crust into the weak clay and evaluate settlement as well as bearing resistance. D Use only the sand friction angle and omit investigation below the footing.

Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7

A foundation base lies 2 m below a level ground surface in homogeneous soil of total unit weight 18 kN/m3 above the water table. If the gross applied contact pressure is 360 kPa, what is the net applied pressure after deducting the excavated overburden?

A 324 kPa. B 342 kPa. C 360 kPa. D 396 kPa.

Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8

For a shallow footing, the gross ultimate bearing pressure is 600 kPa, and the original total overburden pressure at the base is 40 kPa. Under the conventional net-pressure definition, what is the net ultimate bearing pressure?

A 640 kPa. B 560 kPa. C 200 kPa. D 150 kPa.

Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9

A shallow footing has calculated net ultimate bearing capacity of 540 kPa. If a factor of safety of 3.0 is applied to the net ultimate value against shear failure, what is the net safe bearing capacity?

A 1620 kPa. B 540 kPa. C 180 kPa. D 183 kPa.

Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10

A footing has gross ultimate bearing pressure 600 kPa and initial overburden pressure at founding level 60 kPa. If the factor of safety on net ultimate shear resistance is 3.0, what is the corresponding gross safe pressure against shear?

A 180 kPa. B 200 kPa. C 220 kPa. D 240 kPa.

Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11

A foundation has net safe bearing pressure of 250 kPa from a shear-failure check, while the maximum net pressure satisfying its specified settlement limit is 160 kPa. What is its allowable net bearing pressure under the stated dual criterion?

A 160 kPa, governed by settlement. B 250 kPa, governed by shear. C 410 kPa, obtained by adding both limits. D 205 kPa, taken as the mean of the limits.

Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12

The net safe bearing pressure against shear is 240 kPa, and the net pressure that would cause the permitted settlement is 320 kPa. Which allowable net pressure and governing criterion are correct?

A 320 kPa, because settlement always governs. B 240 kPa, because the shear-safety criterion governs. C 280 kPa, because the two pressures must be averaged. D 560 kPa, because the two limits are additive.

Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13

For a level homogeneous foundation site, the allowable NET contact pressure is 170 kPa and original overburden at foundation level is 36 kPa. Using the same gross/net pressure convention, what is the corresponding allowable GROSS contact pressure?

A 134 kPa. B 170 kPa. C 206 kPa. D 6120 kPa.

Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14

A 2 m by 3 m footing transmits a total gross vertical load of 1080 kN uniformly to its base at 1.5 m depth. The original soil has unit weight 18 kN/m3, groundwater effects are negligible, and allowable NET bearing pressure is 160 kPa. Which evaluation is correct?

A Gross applied 153 kPa; net applied 180 kPa; fails. B Gross applied 180 kPa; net applied 180 kPa; fails. C Gross applied 180 kPa; net applied 207 kPa; fails. D Gross applied 180 kPa; net applied 153 kPa; passes the stated net-pressure criterion.

Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15

A footing has gross applied pressure 270 kPa, original overburden pressure 45 kPa, and gross ultimate shear pressure 720 kPa. The required shear factor of safety on NET ultimate pressure is 3.0, and the settlement-based net pressure limit is 170 kPa. Which decision is correct?

A Net applied pressure 225 kPa exceeds allowable net pressure 170 kPa; the settlement limit governs. B Net applied pressure 270 kPa is below allowable net pressure 720 kPa; the footing passes. C Net safe pressure is 240 kPa and the footing necessarily passes all criteria. D Allowable net pressure is 225 kPa, equal to the applied net pressure.

Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16

When an engineer calculates the GROSS contact pressure under a buried footing from vertical structural loading, which load accounting is most appropriate?

A Use only the column load and always exclude footing self-weight and soil above the footing. B Include the applicable foundation and backfill weights in the gross base load, then account consistently for excavated overburden when finding NET pressure. C Subtract water pressure from vertical structural load even when no groundwater is present. D Use soil unit weight alone because structural loads do not affect contact pressure.

Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17

An isolated footing of plan dimensions 2 m by 3 m has an allowable NET bearing pressure of 160 kPa. Ignoring eccentricity and assuming the additional vertical net load spreads uniformly over its full area, what is the maximum additional net load that satisfies this pressure limit?

A 160 kN. B 480 kN. C 960 kN. D 1920 kN.

Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18

A designer considers increasing footing width on a uniform sand deposit to reduce applied contact pressure. Which engineering conclusion about bearing capacity and settlement is most appropriate?

A Increasing footing width always decreases ultimate bearing capacity in sand. B Increasing footing width eliminates the need to investigate deep compressible layers. C A wider footing necessarily produces zero settlement because its contact pressure falls. D Increasing width can change ultimate bearing resistance and contact pressure, but settlement and the larger stress-influence zone must also be checked.

Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19

A shallow strip footing bears on a drained cohesionless sand deposit. All geometry and effective friction parameters remain fixed, but the groundwater table rises from well below the stress-influence zone to near the footing base. Which effect generally requires consideration in an effective-stress bearing-capacity analysis?

A The effective unit weight in relevant bearing-capacity terms decreases, so the calculated resistance may decrease. B The soil friction angle must automatically become zero because the water table rises. C The submerged unit weight must be greater than the saturated unit weight. D The bearing resistance necessarily doubles because hydrostatic pressure adds frictional strength.

Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20

A column load acts eccentrically across a rectangular footing so that the contact pressure is not uniform. Which response is appropriate when assessing bearing resistance and applied pressure?

A Use the full footing area with uniform pressure regardless of eccentricity. B Consider the eccentricity, its effect on contact-pressure distribution and an appropriate reduced effective bearing area or equivalent approved analysis. C Increase the footing pressure limit automatically in proportion to the eccentricity. D Neglect overturning because only vertical force can contribute to a bearing failure.

Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21

A shallow square footing is proposed above a dense sand layer resting on thick soft clay. The sand's near-surface penetration resistance is high, but the clay lies within the zone significantly stressed by the footing. Which interpretation is correct?

A High penetration resistance in the sand proves that settlement is negligible. B Only the sand layer controls because the footing does not touch the clay. C The weak underlying layer can govern punching resistance or settlement despite the stronger sand at foundation level. D The presence of clay always increases the allowable pressure of the sand layer.

Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22

A rough strip footing on homogeneous soil is analysed with the GIVEN idealized gross ultimate expression qult = cNc + qNq + 0.5 gamma B Ngamma. Take c = 20 kPa, Nc = 10, q = gamma Df = 18 kPa, Nq = 5, gamma = 18 kN/m3, B = 2 m and Ngamma = 4. If net ultimate pressure is qult - q and the shear factor of safety on NET ultimate pressure is 2, what is the net safe bearing pressure?

A 181 kPa. B 362 kPa. C 344 kPa. D 172 kPa.

Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23

A saturated normally consolidated clay is to support a footing during rapid construction and over its long service life. Which selection of strength conditions is most appropriate for bearing-capacity assessment?

A Evaluate the relevant short-term undrained total-stress condition and long-term drained effective-stress condition rather than assuming the same strength parameters apply to both. B Use drained parameters exclusively at every construction stage because clay contains pore water. C Use an undrained strength equal to zero for every saturated clay. D Use dry-sand friction values because effective stress cannot be defined in clay.

Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24

A shallow foundation has gross ultimate bearing pressure 640 kPa and initial total overburden pressure at its base 40 kPa. The required shear factor of safety is 3.0 on NET ultimate pressure, and the settlement criterion permits a maximum NET pressure of 170 kPa. What is the corresponding allowable GROSS pressure?

A 170 kPa. B 210 kPa. C 240 kPa. D 253.3 kPa.

Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25

A footing on variable ground meets a calculated shear-safety factor but the predicted differential settlement exceeds the structure's permitted tolerance. What is the correct bearing-capacity design decision?

A Accept the design because a shear factor of safety automatically prevents differential settlement. B Raise the working pressure until general shear failure becomes visible. C Do not accept the footing on the shear calculation alone; revise the foundation or ground-treatment design until settlement and strength requirements are both met. D Ignore differential settlement if the average contact pressure is lower than gross ultimate pressure.

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