Test 22 - GPS Principles and Components

Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1

Which statement correctly distinguishes the Global Positioning System (GPS) from the broader term Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)?

A GPS is a generic name for every terrestrial electronic distance meter. B GPS is the satellite navigation system operated by the United States, whereas GNSS is the broader term covering global satellite navigation systems such as GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and BeiDou. C GNSS is limited to measuring levels with an optical instrument. D GPS uses only ground beacons, whereas GNSS uses only satellites.

Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2

Which three segments make up the conventional architecture of the GPS system?

A Survey, levelling and contour segments. B Satellite, theodolite and tape segments. C Horizontal, vertical and magnetic segments. D Space, control and user segments.

Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3

Which equipment belongs primarily to the SPACE SEGMENT of GPS?

A Orbiting satellites that broadcast navigation and timing signals. B A surveyor's ground receiver mounted on a tripod. C Ground monitoring stations that upload revised orbit information. D A local benchmark and its levelling staff.

Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4

Which activity is a principal responsibility of the GPS CONTROL SEGMENT?

A Collecting land-boundary measurements for every private GPS receiver. B Carrying out tape corrections for construction traverses. C Monitoring satellite orbits and clocks and uploading updated navigation and control data to satellites. D Computing the final point coordinates inside each user's receiver on demand.

Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5

In GPS terminology, which item belongs to the USER SEGMENT?

A The ground master control station that maintains satellite clock data. B A GNSS survey receiver, antenna and associated data collector operated at a ground station. C The GPS satellite carrying an atomic clock. D The ground antenna used to upload spacecraft commands.

Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6

Which statement correctly describes the NORMAL orbital region of the GPS navigation constellation?

A GPS satellites are fixed on surveying towers at sea level. B GPS satellites all operate in low Earth orbit only a few hundred metres above ground. C The satellites must remain directly above the same geographic longitude at all times. D GPS navigation satellites operate in medium Earth orbit, at roughly 20,200 km altitude, distributed among orbital planes.

Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7

Which statement about India's NavIC and the United States' GPS is correct at an introductory surveying level?

A GPS is a global navigation satellite system, while NavIC is India's regional satellite navigation system designed to serve India and its surrounding region. B NavIC is the name of the United States GPS control segment. C NavIC is a surveying theodolite that measures only vertical angles. D Both GPS and NavIC require a two-way radio transmission from every ordinary user receiver to each satellite for basic positioning.

Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8

In ordinary standalone GPS positioning, how does navigation information normally travel between a satellite and a survey receiver?

A The receiver must first transmit its measured ground coordinates to the satellite. B The satellite obtains each receiver's position by listening to return pulses from that receiver. C The satellite broadcasts one-way radio signals, and the receiver uses their timing and navigation data without sending a ranging signal back to the satellite. D The receiver determines its range only by reflecting a laser beam to a prism mounted on the satellite.

Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9

Which information in a GPS NAVIGATION MESSAGE is especially important for calculating the transmitting satellite's position and accounting for its clock?

A The surveyor's previously measured chainage and staff readings. B Broadcast ephemeris parameters and satellite clock correction information. C The current local land-record parcel number and area. D The magnetic declination of every survey station in the region.

Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10

Which statement correctly distinguishes GPS BROADCAST EPHEMERIS from an ALMANAC?

A The almanac provides more precise satellite orbit information than the ephemeris for every survey observation. B Both are labels for a prism constant entered into an electronic distance meter. C Ephemeris determines atmospheric pressure while almanac determines local benchmark RL. D Ephemeris provides orbit parameters for more accurate satellite-position computation over its validity interval, whereas an almanac gives coarser constellation orbit information useful for satellite acquisition and planning.

Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11

Why is the code-derived satellite-to-receiver observation called a PSEUDORANGE rather than simply the true geometric distance?

A It is an apparent range that includes receiver/satellite clock effects and propagation or measurement errors in addition to geometric range. B It is the straight-line distance between two ground benchmarks measured by a steel tape. C It is always equal to twice the actual satellite-to-receiver distance. D It contains only an azimuth measurement and no information related to time.

Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12

A GPS receiver determines a signal's apparent ONE-WAY travel-time interval as 0.070000 s. Using c = 3.00 × 10^8 m/s and the simplified pseudorange relation P = c times travel time, what is the apparent pseudorange?

A 10,500 km. B 42,000 km. C 21,000 km. D 2,100 km.

Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13

In the normal unconstrained THREE-DIMENSIONAL GPS CODE-POSITION solution, why are observations to at least FOUR suitably positioned satellites required?

A Four satellites are needed solely to determine the four sides of a rectangular property. B The receiver normally solves for three position coordinates and one receiver-clock bias, making four unknowns. C Every GPS satellite provides only one-quarter of the required altitude reading. D A GPS receiver cannot decode a satellite signal unless precisely four satellites transmit identical codes.

Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14

In the simplified geometric explanation of satellite RANGING, what is the locus of points at a known geometric distance r from ONE satellite whose position is known?

A A straight horizontal line through the satellite. B A plane perpendicular to the satellite's orbit. C A vertical circular curve through the user. D The surface of a sphere centred on the satellite, with radius r.

Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15

An unobstructed GNSS receiver tracks SIX suitably distributed satellites instead of the minimum FOUR. Which statement is generally correct about the extra pseudorange observations?

A They can provide redundant information for estimation and quality checks, although more observations do not guarantee accuracy in the presence of poor signals or geometry. B The extra satellites necessarily make positioning impossible because the system has only four unknowns. C Each additional satellite automatically removes all multipath and atmospheric errors. D The receiver must discard every observation after the fourth because additional ranges have no potential value.

Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16

Two GPS observation periods have the same number of usable satellites and comparable pseudorange quality. In period I, most satellites are clustered in a small part of the sky; in period II, they are well spread across the visible sky. Which period generally gives BETTER POSITIONING GEOMETRY?

A Period I, because closely clustered satellites always reduce the receiver clock bias to zero. B Both periods necessarily produce identical position precision because satellite count is equal. C Period II, because widely distributed satellite directions generally reduce geometric amplification of ranging errors. D Neither period, because satellite geometry cannot affect GPS positioning.

Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17

For otherwise comparable GNSS code-measurement quality, which interpretation of POSITION DILUTION OF PRECISION (PDOP) is correct?

A A larger PDOP always indicates smaller three-dimensional position uncertainty. B A smaller PDOP generally indicates less amplification of range errors into the three-dimensional position solution. C PDOP is the physical diameter of a satellite antenna measured in metres. D PDOP gives the exact fixed clock error of every satellite and is unrelated to geometry.

Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18

Assume an unmodelled RECEIVER CLOCK timing error of +1.5 microseconds affects a one-way GNSS pseudorange, and use c = 3.00 × 10^8 m/s. What is the corresponding pseudorange bias due to this timing error alone?

A 0.45 m. B 45 m. C 900 m. D 450 m.

Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19

Which pair of propagation effects commonly requires consideration when processing satellite navigation signals for surveying?

A Signal delay in the ionosphere and in the neutral atmosphere (troposphere). B Thermal expansion of a steel chain and sag of a suspended tape. C Collimation error of an optical level and staff graduation error. D Magnetic dip and compass local attraction as the sole satellite-ranging errors.

Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20

During a GNSS survey beside a tall glass-clad building, satellite signals arrive both directly and after reflection from building surfaces. What is the principal resulting observation problem?

A Precisely known receiver-clock bias that removes all other ranging errors. B An unavoidable change in the Earth's ellipsoid definition. C MULTIPATH, which can bias or disturb the measured satellite range. D A change from satellite positioning to magnetic compass traversing.

Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21

A survey team needs reliable satellite positioning close to dense trees, a flyover and high-rise buildings. Which field condition most directly threatens receiver performance?

A Excessively long lengths of the surveyor's steel tape. B Obstruction of satellite line of sight and degraded visibility or satellite geometry. C The absence of a reflecting prism beside every GNSS satellite. D An increase in local staff readings caused by the levelling instrument.

Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22

Which description most accurately states the ordinary GEODETIC POSITION components obtained from GPS after adopting a suitable terrestrial reference frame such as WGS 84?

A Magnetic bearing, chainage and tape sag only. B Local easting, local northing and orthometric RL without any coordinate transformation. C Horizontal tangent angle, vertical circle reading and staff intercept. D Geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude and height above the reference ellipsoid.

Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23

A GNSS survey gives ellipsoidal height h = +145.000 m at a site. A compatible geoid model gives signed geoid undulation N = -20.000 m there, with h = H + N. What ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT H follows, assuming consistent vertical references?

A +165.000 m. B +125.000 m. C -165.000 m. D +145.000 m.

Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24

A GNSS receiver provides positions in geodetic latitude and longitude, but an engineering site plan uses LOCAL GRID EASTINGS AND NORTHINGS. What should be done before the GNSS coordinates are used directly in the site's layout calculations?

A Treat latitude in degrees as easting in metres and longitude in degrees as northing in metres. B Apply an appropriate geodetic datum and map-projection or site-coordinate transformation, verified against known control. C Replace the satellite clock with a surveyor's wristwatch and then use the coordinates unchanged. D Multiply every latitude and longitude by the measured antenna height to obtain the site grid.

Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25

For a water-supply transmission-main survey, which use of GNSS most appropriately reflects its capabilities AND limitations?

A Assume an ordinary standalone handheld GPS fix always satisfies millimetre-level setting-out tolerances beside buildings. B Measure an underground pipe invert directly from satellite signals even when no antenna has sky visibility. C Establish or extend suitably controlled survey positions at accessible open-sky locations, verify the required accuracy and datum, and use complementary methods where satellite reception is obstructed. D Omit all independent checks because GNSS positioning is independent of satellite geometry and atmospheric propagation.

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