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Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
In irrigation engineering, what is meant by the duty of water for a crop?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Duty expresses the irrigating capacity of a given continuous discharge. In the conventional metric definition, it is commonly expressed in hectares per cumec. Thus a duty of 1800 ha/cumec means that one cumec flowing during the specified base period can supply the irrigation requirement of 1800 hectares. Duty depends on crop requirement and on the point in the irrigation system at which discharge is considered. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
What does delta, Δ, represent in the classical duty-delta-base-period relationship?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Delta represents the total depth of water corresponding to the irrigation requirement over the crop's base period in the classical formulation. It is commonly expressed in metres or centimetres. Because it is a depth, the corresponding water volume over a known area is obtained by multiplying delta by the irrigated area. A crop requiring a larger seasonal irrigation depth generally has a smaller duty for the same base period. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which statement best defines the base period of a crop in conventional irrigation engineering?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The base period is conventionally taken as the time interval between the first watering and the last watering of a crop. It is normally expressed in days. This interval is used in defining crop duty because the unit discharge is conceptually maintained throughout the base period. It should not automatically be confused with the entire crop period from sowing to harvesting. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which statement correctly distinguishes crop period from base period?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Crop period refers broadly to the duration from sowing or planting until harvesting. Base period is associated specifically with irrigation and extends between the first and last watering. The two may be close for some crops but are not conceptually identical. The duty-delta relationship uses the base period rather than merely the calendar crop period. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
If D is duty in hectares per cumec, B is base period in days and Δ is delta in metres, which relationship is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
One cumec flowing continuously for B days supplies a volume of 86400B cubic metres. By definition of duty, this volume irrigates D hectares, whose area is 10000D square metres. Dividing the supplied volume by this area gives the equivalent depth. Thus Δ = 86400B/(10000D) = 8.64B/D metres. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
What is the physical origin of the numerical factor 8.64 in the relation Δ = 8.64B/D?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
One cumec is one cubic metre per second. Over one day, this discharge supplies 86400 cubic metres. One hectare has an area of 10000 square metres. Dividing 86400 cubic metres by 10000 square metres gives a depth of 8.64 metres, which produces the conversion factor in the standard formula. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A crop has a duty of 1800 ha/cumec and a base period of 120 days. What is its delta?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The relation is Δ = 8.64B/D. Substituting B = 120 days and D = 1800 ha/cumec gives Δ = 8.64 × 120/1800. The numerator is 1036.8 and division by 1800 gives 0.576 m. This is equivalent to 57.6 cm of irrigation depth over the base period. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
A crop requires a delta of 0.648 m during a base period of 135 days. What is its duty?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Rearranging the fundamental relation gives D = 8.64B/Δ. Substituting gives D = 8.64 × 135/0.648. The numerator is 1166.4. Dividing by 0.648 gives a duty of 1800 ha/cumec. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
A crop has duty 1800 ha/cumec and delta 0.576 m. What is its base period?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The relation can be rearranged as B = DΔ/8.64. Substituting gives B = 1800 × 0.576/8.64. The numerator is 1036.8. Dividing by 8.64 gives 120 days. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
A canal outlet serves 3600 hectares of a crop whose duty at that outlet is 1800 ha/cumec. What continuous discharge is required during the base period?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Duty is related to irrigated area and discharge by D = A/Q. Therefore Q = A/D. Substitution gives Q = 3600/1800 = 2.0 cumecs. Since one cumec is one cubic metre per second, the required continuous discharge is 2.0 m³/s. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
An irrigation channel carries 2.5 m³/s throughout the relevant base period. If the crop duty at that point is 1600 ha/cumec, what crop area can theoretically be served?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
From the definition of duty, irrigated area is A = DQ. Here D = 1600 ha/cumec and Q = 2.5 cumecs. Thus A = 1600 × 2.5 = 4000 hectares. The result assumes the stated duty is appropriate at the point where the discharge is specified. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
A crop is irrigated over an area of 2500 hectares with a seasonal delta of 0.72 m. What volume of irrigation water does this depth represent?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
An area of 2500 hectares equals 25,000,000 square metres. Water volume is area multiplied by depth. Thus V = 25,000,000 × 0.72 = 18,000,000 cubic metres. This is 18.0 million cubic metres of water. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
A continuous canal discharge of 1.25 m³/s is supplied for a base period of 120 days. What volume of water is delivered?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The supplied volume equals discharge multiplied by time. A period of 120 days contains 120 × 86400 seconds. Thus V = 1.25 × 120 × 86400. The result is 12,960,000 m³, or 12.96 × 10^6 m³. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
A discharge of 1.5 m³/s irrigates 2400 hectares continuously over a base period of 100 days. What is the corresponding delta?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The duty is first obtained as D = A/Q = 2400/1.5 = 1600 ha/cumec. The delta is then Δ = 8.64 × 100/1600. This gives 864/1600 = 0.54 m. The same result is obtained directly by dividing total supplied volume by the irrigated area. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Two crops require water simultaneously from the same channel. Crop X covers 2000 ha with duty 1000 ha/cumec, while Crop Y covers 1500 ha with duty 1500 ha/cumec. If their design water requirements fully overlap, what total discharge is required?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The discharge required for Crop X is 2000/1000 = 2.0 m³/s. The discharge required for Crop Y is 1500/1500 = 1.0 m³/s. Because the question states that the design requirements occur simultaneously, the channel must carry their sum. Hence the required discharge is 2.0 + 1.0 = 3.0 m³/s. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
For a fixed base period, what happens to delta if the duty of a crop is doubled?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The basic relationship is Δ = 8.64B/D. When B is fixed, delta is inversely proportional to duty. Doubling D therefore reduces Δ to one-half of its original value. Physically, a larger duty means that the same unit discharge can serve a greater area because the required depth per unit area is smaller. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
For a fixed value of delta, how does duty change if the base period is increased from B to 1.5B?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Rearranging the relationship gives D = 8.64B/Δ. At constant delta, duty is directly proportional to the base period. Increasing B by a factor of 1.5 therefore increases the calculated duty by the same factor. The longer duration allows the unit continuous discharge to deliver a larger total volume. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
For the same crop and beneficial field requirement, why is duty generally lower when defined at an upstream canal head than when defined closer to the fields?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Water conveyed through canals may be lost through seepage, evaporation and operational wastage before reaching the fields. Consequently one cumec measured at an upstream canal head does not provide the same useful field delivery as one cumec available near the field. The effective irrigated area per unit upstream discharge is therefore generally smaller. This corresponds to a lower duty at the upstream point when other conditions are comparable. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which measure would generally tend to increase the duty of water measured at the canal head?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Duty improves when a larger proportion of diverted water reaches the crop and is used beneficially. Canal lining can reduce excessive seepage losses where such losses are significant. Better regulation and distribution can also reduce operational wastage and over-irrigation. These improvements allow the same canal-head discharge to serve a larger irrigated area. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which set of conditions would generally tend to reduce irrigation duty, other factors being comparable?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A water-intensive crop requires a larger depth of irrigation water. Hot and dry climatic conditions usually increase crop water consumption. Inefficient application causes additional supplied water to be lost without satisfying useful crop demand. These effects mean that a unit discharge can serve less area, producing a lower duty. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
How does greater effective rainfall during the crop season generally affect the irrigation duty of canal water, if all other conditions remain comparable?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Effective rainfall supplies part of the crop's water requirement directly. The irrigation system therefore needs to provide a smaller net depth of water. With a smaller irrigation-water depth requirement, a given continuous canal discharge can serve a larger area. This corresponds to an increase in irrigation duty, provided the other relevant conditions remain comparable. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
For a crop having the same base period, improved water management reduces the required irrigation delta from 0.75 m to 0.60 m. By what factor does the corresponding duty increase?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
For a fixed base period, duty is inversely proportional to delta. Thus D2/D1 = Δ1/Δ2. Substituting gives D2/D1 = 0.75/0.60 = 1.25. The duty therefore becomes 1.25 times its former value, which represents a 25 percent increase. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
A crop has duty 1440 ha/cumec and base period 120 days. What is its delta in centimetres?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Using Δ = 8.64B/D gives Δ = 8.64 × 120/1440. This equals 0.72 m. Converting metres to centimetres gives 0.72 × 100 = 72 cm. Care is required because the standard 8.64 coefficient gives delta in metres when duty is in ha/cumec and B is in days. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
An irrigated area of 2880 hectares requires a seasonal delta of 0.54 m over a base period of 90 days. What continuous outlet discharge is required?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
First calculate duty as D = 8.64B/Δ. Thus D = 8.64 × 90/0.54 = 1440 ha/cumec. Required discharge is then Q = A/D = 2880/1440. This gives Q = 2.0 m³/s. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Consider the following statements about duty, delta and base period: I. Duty has units such as hectares per cumec. II. Delta is a depth of water. III. For fixed base period, duty and delta are inversely proportional. IV. One cumec flowing for one day supplies 86,400 m³ of water. Which option is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Statement I correctly gives the conventional metric unit of duty. Statement II correctly identifies delta as an equivalent water depth. Statement III follows directly from Δ = 8.64B/D when base period is held constant. Statement IV is correct because one day contains 86400 seconds, so one cubic metre per second delivers 86400 cubic metres in one day. Therefore all four statements are correct and Option D is the valid answer.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. The area of land that can be irrigated by a unit discharge flowing continuously during the crop's base period సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: A. The total depth of irrigation water required by the crop over its base period సమాధానం: A.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. The period between the first and last watering of the crop సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: A. Crop period is generally measured from sowing to harvesting, whereas base period refers to the interval between the first and last irrigation సమాధానం: A.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: C. Δ = 8.64B/D సమాధానం: C.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. It results from converting one cumec-day and one hectare into consistent SI units సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. 0.576 m సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. 1800 ha/cumec సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: C. 120 days సమాధానం: C.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: C. 2.0 m³/s సమాధానం: C.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. 4000 ha సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: C. 18.0 × 10^6 m³ సమాధానం: C.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: C. 12.96 × 10^6 m³ సమాధానం: C.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. 0.54 m సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. 3.0 m³/s సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: B. Delta becomes one-half సమాధానం: B.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. Duty becomes 1.5D సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: A. Because conveyance losses between the canal head and fields reduce the fraction of upstream discharge that reaches the crop సమాధానం: A.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: B. Improving canal lining, regulation and water-distribution efficiency సమాధానం: B.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. A water-intensive crop, hot dry climate and inefficient water application సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. It tends to increase duty because irrigation must supply a smaller portion of the crop water requirement సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. 1.25 సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: C. 72 cm సమాధానం: C.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. 2.0 m³/s సమాధానం: C.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. I, II, III and IV సమాధానం: D.