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Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
At a water-treatment plant survey, the instrument must measure the horizontal angle between two directions and the elevation angle of a sighted target. Which instrument directly provides both angular observations?
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Explanation:
A theodolite is designed primarily for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Its telescope provides a defined line of sight to the targets. A horizontal circle measures changes in direction about the vertical axis. A vertical circle is used to determine the inclination of the sight line. An ordinary dumpy level mainly supplies a horizontal sight for levelling. Theodolite observations are useful in setting out and control surveys for engineering works.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which capability specifically distinguishes a TRANSIT theodolite from a non-transit theodolite in traditional surveying terminology?
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Explanation:
A transit theodolite permits the telescope to be reversed about its horizontal or trunnion axis. The relevant operation is called transiting or plunging the telescope. A half-turn of 180 degrees reverses the viewing direction in the vertical plane. Swinging the instrument in azimuth is a different rotation about its vertical axis. The defining capability is not the range of horizontal-circle graduations. Transit motion is useful when changing the instrument face and performing observational checks.
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Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
An operator rotates the upper assembly of a properly set theodolite to sight a second target in the horizontal plane. About which fundamental axis does this horizontal rotation take place?
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Explanation:
The vertical axis is the axis about which the theodolite turns in azimuth. Its correct field orientation is vertical. Rotation about this axis changes the horizontal direction of the telescope. Rotation about the trunnion axis instead changes the telescope elevation. The line of collimation is a sight direction rather than the axis of horizontal rotation. Accurate levelling is therefore important before measuring horizontal angles.
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Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
In a conventional transit theodolite, the telescope is raised or lowered while the instrument remains fixed in azimuth. Which axis is its axis of rotation?
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Explanation:
The telescope pivots about the horizontal axis, also called the trunnion axis. The bearings supporting this axis are carried by the standards or A-frames. Rotation about the axis changes the inclination of the line of sight. In proper adjustment, the trunnion axis is perpendicular to the standing vertical axis. Horizontal rotation of the whole upper assembly occurs about a different axis. This distinction is fundamental to measuring vertical and horizontal angles independently.
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Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which geometric description defines the LINE OF COLLIMATION of a conventional optical theodolite?
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Explanation:
The line of collimation is also known as the line of sight. It passes through the intersection of the crosshairs in the reticle. It also passes through the optical centre of the objective lens, in the idealized instrument model. This line determines the direction indicated when an object is bisected. It is different from the mechanical trunnion axis and the plate-level axis. A permanent collimation adjustment establishes the required relationship between this line and the horizontal axis.
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Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
For a conventional VERNIER transit theodolite, which assignment of horizontal-circle components is correct?
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Explanation:
The lower plate of a conventional vernier theodolite carries the main horizontal-angle graduations. It is commonly called the scale plate. The upper plate carries the verniers used to read those graduations. The upper plate also supports the standards and associated telescope assembly. Relative movement of the plates changes the horizontal-circle reading. This arrangement explains the purposes of the separate upper and lower clamps.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A technician asks which graduated component follows the telescope as it is tilted upward to sight an overhead service-line marker. Which response is correct for a conventional transit theodolite?
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Explanation:
The vertical circle is associated with the telescope and turns as the telescope rotates about the horizontal axis. Its graduations allow the vertical inclination of the sight to be determined through the reading arrangement. The horizontal circle is used for directions in azimuth, not elevation angles. Plate levels assist with levelling the instrument. The optical plummet is used to bring the vertical axis over a ground mark. The vertical-circle index must be checked under the relevant instrument convention.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
On a conventional vernier theodolite, the LOWER clamp is tightened and the UPPER clamp is loosened. What happens when the operator swings the telescope horizontally?
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Explanation:
Tightening the lower clamp fixes the lower plate relative to the instrument base. Releasing the upper clamp permits the upper assembly to rotate about the inner vertical spindle. The verniers then move relative to the main horizontal scale. Consequently the horizontal-circle reading changes as the telescope is swung. This is the normal relative motion used for observing a horizontal angular difference. Vertical tilting is instead controlled by the telescope vertical clamp.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
On a conventional vernier theodolite, the UPPER clamp is tightened and the LOWER clamp is loosened. Which motion is permitted by this arrangement?
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Explanation:
The upper clamp couples the upper vernier plate to the lower graduated plate. Releasing the lower clamp permits the coupled assembly to rotate about the outer spindle. Both plates consequently turn together. Because there is no relative angular displacement between their graduations and verniers, the horizontal reading remains unchanged. This lower motion is useful for orienting the instrument while preserving a circle setting. It must not be confused with upper motion, which changes the horizontal reading.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
After a conventional theodolite has been approximately directed at a target, the horizontal clamp is secured. Which control is intended for a SMALL, PRECISE final adjustment of pointing?
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Explanation:
Clamps secure the moving portions of the theodolite in their intended operating positions. The tangent or slow-motion screw provides a controlled fine movement associated with a clamped motion. It is used to bring the crosshair precisely onto the sighted target. Large initial rotations are made by releasing the appropriate clamp, not by forcing a tangent screw. Foot screws are reserved for levelling rather than final target pointing. The specific tangent screw selected depends on the horizontal motion that has been clamped.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
A target is already close to the telescope crosshair, but the telescope must be tilted upward by a very small angle without altering the horizontal direction. Which operation is appropriate?
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Explanation:
The telescope vertical clamp governs coarse movement about the trunnion axis. Once the telescope is approximately aligned vertically, the vertical clamp is secured. The vertical tangent screw then provides a small controlled adjustment of telescope inclination. The instrument vertical axis should remain plumb during this operation. The horizontal tangent screws act on azimuthal pointing rather than telescope elevation. Tilting the whole instrument would disturb the temporary levelling adjustment.
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Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
A theodolite is being erected over a control station marked by a nail in concrete. What is the purpose of CENTERING the instrument?
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Explanation:
Centering establishes the horizontal position of the instrument relative to the survey station. Its purpose is to bring the standing vertical axis over the specified ground mark. This can be checked using a plumb bob, optical plummet, or another suitable centering device. Good centering is especially important when observing short sight lengths and precise angles. Centering does not by itself make the standing axis truly vertical. Levelling is a separate adjustment that must also be checked.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
A conventional theodolite has a SHIFTING HEAD that permits slight translation of the instrument body after approximate setup. What is its principal use?
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Explanation:
A shifting head permits a small lateral movement of the instrument relative to its base. This movement is used to bring the instrument axis accurately above the station point. It avoids shifting the entire tripod for every small centering correction. The tripod and instrument should already have been approximately positioned and stabilized. A shift can affect bubble readings, so levelling should be checked afterward. The shifting head is not a device for collimation or vertical-circle index adjustment.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
After a theodolite has been accurately centered, the plate-level bubbles are brought to their prescribed central positions by the foot screws. What is the essential purpose of this LEVELLING operation?
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Explanation:
Levelling is performed so that the standing axis is vertical. The foot screws alter the tilt of the theodolite relative to its base. The plate-level bubbles indicate whether the required level condition has been reached. In a permanently adjusted instrument, centred plate bubbles correspond to a vertical standing axis. The telescope may still be tilted to observe positive or negative vertical angles. Levelling therefore does not require every later sight line to be horizontal.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
For a three-foot-screw theodolite with a plate level, which operation correctly begins the ordinary precise-levelling procedure?
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Explanation:
With the plate level approximately parallel to a line joining two foot screws, those screws control the relevant component of instrument tilt. They are turned appropriately to centre the bubble. The instrument is then turned approximately 90 degrees to position the level transverse to the initial direction. The remaining foot screw can be used to remove the transverse tilt in the usual three-screw procedure. Both orientations are checked again until the bubbles remain centred as the instrument rotates. This procedure assumes the plate-level axis has the proper permanent adjustment.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
A theodolite is centred and then precisely levelled on a tripod, but the optical plummet no longer points exactly to the ground station mark. What should the operator do before taking angles?
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Explanation:
Centering and levelling are separate field requirements that interact during setup. Adjusting foot screws or repositioning parts of the instrument can disturb an earlier centering condition. Similarly, a fine centering correction can slightly alter the plate-level bubble positions. The operator should therefore recheck both adjustments before observing angles. Appropriate fine-centering devices should be used without destabilizing the tripod. The procedure is repeated until the standing axis is both over the station mark and vertical.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
During the temporary adjustment of a conventional optical theodolite, which step is specifically used to make the RETICLE CROSSHAIRS appear sharp to the observer before focusing on a target?
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Explanation:
The eyepiece is first adjusted to make the reticle or crosshairs distinct to the observer. This adjustment accommodates the observer’s eyesight. A bright uniform background can make it easier to judge crosshair sharpness. The objective focusing control is then used to focus the target image. Clear crosshairs alone do not ensure that parallax is absent. The two focusing operations together permit reliable bisection of a target.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
The crosshairs of a theodolite telescope appear sharp, but the image of a distant survey target is blurred. Which adjustment should be made next?
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Explanation:
Eyepiece focusing makes the crosshairs clear to the observer. A blurred target indicates that the objective image has not yet been sharply formed in the reticle plane. The telescope focusing mechanism should be adjusted to sharpen the target. Correct relative focus of image and crosshairs is necessary to avoid parallax. The plate-level screws adjust instrument geometry rather than image focus. The target should remain clearly defined when the observer makes small eye movements.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
While sighting a fixed target through a properly levelled theodolite, the crosshair appears to shift over the target when the observer moves the eye slightly. What does this observation indicate?
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Explanation:
Apparent relative movement between the reticle and the observed target when the eye moves is called parallax. It occurs when the image and reticle are not brought into the same effective focal plane. The observer should focus the eyepiece on the crosshairs and the objective on the target. The absence of relative motion with a small change of eye position is a practical check. Simply centering a plate-level bubble does not remove optical parallax. Readings taken without removing parallax can contain pointing errors.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
An observer stands at the eyepiece of a conventional transit theodolite and sights a target. The instrument VERTICAL CIRCLE is on the observer’s LEFT. Which term correctly describes the instrument position?
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Explanation:
The conventional face designation is based on the side of the vertical circle as seen by the observer at the telescope. When the vertical circle is on the left, the position is face left. When it is on the right, the position is face right. Face designations are not determined by compass direction or horizontal-circle zero. The face can be changed by an appropriate transit and swing of the telescope. Observations on both faces help reveal or compensate certain instrumental errors.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A surveyor has taken an observation with the vertical circle on the left and wants to sight the SAME target on the opposite face of a transit theodolite. Which sequence changes face while restoring the target direction?
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Explanation:
Changing face transfers the vertical circle from one side of the observer to the other. In a transit theodolite, the telescope can first be plunged through 180 degrees about the horizontal axis. The instrument is also swung through about 180 degrees about its vertical axis to recover the original target direction. The target is then bisected accurately in the opposite face. Merely shifting a plate bubble or turning a fine screw slightly does not accomplish a face change. Paired face observations can reduce some systematic instrumental errors but do not correct careless centering.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which statement correctly distinguishes TEMPORARY adjustments from PERMANENT adjustments of a conventional theodolite?
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Explanation:
Temporary adjustments prepare the instrument for use at each new station. They include setting up and centering, levelling, and focusing to eliminate parallax. Permanent adjustments concern the relative geometry of the instrument’s fundamental axes. Examples include the relation between plate-level axes and the standing axis and between the collimation line and trunnion axis. Permanent adjustments are checked or corrected when indicated, rather than deliberately repeated as routine setup operations at every station. Proper field practice depends on both types of adjustment being satisfactory.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
For a properly adjusted conventional theodolite, which relationship must hold between the AXIS OF A PLATE LEVEL and the STANDING VERTICAL AXIS?
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Explanation:
The axis of a plate-level bubble tube is tangent to the level tube at its centre in the conventional model. Its required permanent relationship is perpendicularity to the standing vertical axis. When the bubble is centred and the adjustment is correct, the relevant level axis is horizontal. Checking bubble positions in different horizontal orientations helps establish whether the standing axis is plumb. If this permanent relationship is wrong, routine centring of the bubble may not produce a truly vertical standing axis. The levelling screws cannot permanently repair an incorrectly adjusted plate-level tube.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Which PAIR of geometrical conditions is required among the trunnion axis, the standing vertical axis and the line of collimation in a correctly adjusted transit theodolite?
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Explanation:
The horizontal or trunnion axis must be perpendicular to the standing vertical axis. When the standing axis is vertical, this makes the trunnion axis horizontal. The line of collimation must also be perpendicular to the trunnion axis. These relations allow the telescope to describe a proper vertical sight plane as it is raised or lowered. A telescope can be aimed upward or downward, so its line of collimation is not always perpendicular to the standing axis. Failure of the required axis relationships introduces instrumental errors into angle observations.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
For a conventional theodolite equipped with an ALTITUDE or telescope level and a vertical circle intended to read zero vertical angle for a truly horizontal line of sight, which permanent-adjustment statement is correct?
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Explanation:
In the conventional altitude-level arrangement, its axis should be parallel to the telescope line of collimation. This permits a centred altitude bubble to indicate the intended horizontal sight condition. Under the stated vertical-angle circle convention, a truly horizontal sight should correspond to zero vertical angle. Any nonzero indicated vertical angle for a truly horizontal line of sight represents an index discrepancy requiring investigation or correction. Some modern theodolites display zenith angles instead, so the numerical circle setting depends on the instrument convention. The stated question specifically concerns the conventional zero-at-horizontal arrangement.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: C. A theodolite having horizontal and vertical angular circles. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. Its telescope can be revolved through 180 degrees about the horizontal (trunnion) axis in a vertical plane. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. The vertical or standing axis. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. The horizontal or trunnion axis supported by the standards. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. The imaginary line through the intersection of the reticle crosshairs and the optical centre of the objective lens, extended outward. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. The lower plate carries the main graduated horizontal circle, while the upper plate carries the reading verniers. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. The vertical circle associated with the telescope and its trunnion-axis rotation. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. The upper vernier plate moves relative to the fixed graduated lower plate, changing the horizontal-circle reading. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. The upper and lower horizontal plates can rotate together about the standing axis without changing their relative vernier reading. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: C. The corresponding horizontal tangent (slow-motion) screw. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: A. Release the vertical clamp for coarse positioning, then secure it and use the vertical tangent screw for fine elevation pointing. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. To place the instrument standing (vertical) axis directly over the station mark. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. Fine centering of the standing axis over the station mark without materially changing the tripod position. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. To make the standing vertical axis truly vertical, assuming the plate levels are correctly adjusted. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. Place the plate-level axis approximately parallel to the line joining two foot screws and turn those two screws to centre the bubble. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. Restore centering using an appropriate method, recheck levelling, and repeat as needed until both conditions are satisfactory. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. Focus the eyepiece while viewing a suitable bright background. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. Use the telescope objective focusing control to bring the target image into the plane of the crosshairs. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. Parallax remains and the eyepiece/objective focusing should be corrected. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. Face left, determined by the vertical-circle position relative to the observer. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. Transit (plunge) the telescope through 180 degrees about its horizontal axis and swing the instrument through approximately 180 degrees about its vertical axis, then re-bisect the target. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. Temporary adjustments are repeated at instrument setups, while permanent adjustments establish the required geometric relationships among the fundamental axes. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: A. The plate-level axis must be perpendicular to the standing vertical axis. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: B. The trunnion axis is perpendicular to the vertical axis, and the line of collimation is perpendicular to the trunnion axis. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: C. The altitude-level axis must be parallel to the line of collimation, and the vertical-circle index must indicate zero vertical angle when that line is horizontal. సమాధానం: C.