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Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
During preparation of a topographical plan for a proposed water-treatment plant, the surveyor draws a contour line marked RL 105.000 m. Which statement correctly defines this contour?
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Explanation:
A contour is an imaginary line joining points having the same elevation relative to a specified vertical datum. Every point on the contour marked 105.000 m has that reduced level. The contour does not represent a fixed horizontal distance from a benchmark. Ground gradients can differ considerably along different portions of the same contour. On a regular sloping surface, the direction of maximum gradient is locally perpendicular to the contour. Contours provide a systematic representation of ground relief for engineering surveys and planning.
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Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
A contour map contains successive contour lines marked 102.5 m, 105.0 m, 107.5 m, 110.0 m and 112.5 m. What is the CONTOUR INTERVAL of this map?
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Explanation:
Contour interval is the vertical difference in elevation between successive contour lines. The difference between the first two contours is 105.0 - 102.5 = 2.5 m. The same difference occurs between every other successive pair in the given sequence. Therefore the contour interval is 2.5 m. The total elevation difference between the first and last contours is 10.0 m, representing four contour intervals. Contour interval should not be confused with the horizontal distance between adjacent contours.
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Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which statement correctly describes the HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENT of two successive contour lines?
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Explanation:
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance separating successive contour lines along the direction under consideration. For the usual measurement of terrain gradient, this distance is taken along the direction of maximum slope. Unlike contour interval, horizontal equivalent varies with ground steepness. Closely spaced contours have a smaller horizontal equivalent and generally indicate a steeper slope. Widely spaced contours have a larger horizontal equivalent and indicate a gentler slope. For uniform ground slope, horizontal equivalent equals contour interval divided by the numerical value of the slope gradient.
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Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A uniformly sloping ground surface has a gradient of 1 vertical in 40 horizontal. If the contour interval is 2 m, what is the horizontal equivalent between successive contours measured along the direction of maximum slope?
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Explanation:
A gradient of 1 in 40 means a vertical elevation change of 1 m for every 40 m of horizontal distance. The contour interval is 2 m, so the corresponding horizontal distance is 2 multiplied by 40. This gives a horizontal equivalent of 80 m. Alternatively, the slope is 1/40 and horizontal equivalent equals 2 divided by 1/40. The resulting value is again 80 m. This calculation assumes a uniform slope and distance measured in the direction of maximum gradient.
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Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
While selecting contour intervals for engineering maps, which statement correctly reflects the usual relationship between map scale, ground relief and the required level of detail?
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Explanation:
Selection of contour interval depends on map scale, terrain, survey purpose and required detail. A larger-scale map normally permits more detailed representation of the ground surface. Relatively flat terrain often requires a smaller contour interval to reveal modest elevation variations. Steep mountainous terrain may require a larger interval to prevent excessive crowding of contours. Smaller intervals generally increase the quantity of field observations and mapping work. Therefore no single contour interval is universally appropriate for all engineering surveys.
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Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
On a contour map with a uniform contour interval of 2 m, the horizontal spacing between successive contours is 5 m in area P and 20 m in area Q, measured along the maximum slope direction. Which statement is correct?
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Explanation:
Ground slope is the ratio of vertical interval to corresponding horizontal distance. In area P, the slope is 2/5 = 0.4. In area Q, the slope is 2/20 = 0.1. Dividing 0.4 by 0.1 shows that P is four times as steep as Q. The smaller contour spacing in P therefore indicates a steeper ground surface. This comparison requires the same vertical contour interval and horizontal distances measured in comparable slope directions.
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Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A contour plan shows several nearly straight, parallel contour lines of equal vertical interval, with essentially equal horizontal spacing measured perpendicular to them throughout a particular area. What does this pattern most directly indicate?
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Explanation:
On a contour map, uniform spacing between successive contours indicates approximately uniform ground gradient. Parallel contour lines suggest that the slope direction remains substantially unchanged across the area. When the contour interval is constant, equal horizontal spacing gives equal ratios of vertical to horizontal change. The resulting terrain is approximately a uniformly inclined surface. A depression or ridge would ordinarily cause the contour pattern to bend or close. The stated pattern is therefore characteristic of a uniform slope.
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Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
A contour map shows three nested closed contours with elevations of 120 m on the outermost loop, 125 m on the middle loop and 130 m on the innermost loop. Assume normal contours without depression hachures. Which landform is indicated?
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Explanation:
Closed contours with increasing elevations toward the centre indicate rising ground. In this example, elevation increases from 120 m to 125 m and then to 130 m inward. This pattern represents an isolated hill or elevated summit region. The actual summit may lie above 130 m but below the next higher contour if that contour is absent and the mapped information is complete. A closed depression instead has elevations decreasing toward its interior. The concentric contour pattern is useful for identifying high ground during site selection and waterworks planning.
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Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
A contour plan shows successive closed loops marked 95 m, 90 m and 85 m from the outside toward the centre, with no outlet crossing the loops. What is the correct terrain interpretation?
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Explanation:
The contour values decrease progressively from the outer loop toward the centre. This indicates that ground elevation becomes lower inward. Such a pattern represents a closed depression or basin. In contrast, contours surrounding a hill have elevations increasing toward the summit. Depression contours may also be identified by inward-pointing hachure marks on maps using that convention. A closed depression is important in drainage studies because it may collect surface runoff if no effective outlet exists.
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Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
On a topographical map, successive contour lines bend into V-shaped patterns where they cross a narrow stream valley. Under the usual terrain-contour convention, in which direction do the tips of these V-shaped contours point?
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Explanation:
When a contour crosses a typical stream valley, it bends toward higher ground. The resulting V-shaped pattern generally points upstream. A stream flows from higher elevations toward lower elevations, approximately opposite the direction indicated by these V tips. This characteristic helps identify drainage channels even where no stream symbol is shown. The contour bends reflect the geometry of the valley intersecting surfaces of equal elevation. The direction must be interpreted together with contour elevations rather than relying on compass orientation.
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Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
A set of contours bends around a projecting spur extending from high ground into lower terrain. Which characteristic distinguishes the contour pattern of this RIDGE or SPUR from that of a typical valley?
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Explanation:
A ridge or spur is an elongated projection of higher ground into lower terrain. Contours crossing such a feature generally bulge toward the lower ground at the projecting end. The pattern is often described as a U-shaped or V-shaped bend pointing downhill, depending on terrain geometry. By contrast, contours crossing a typical valley bend toward higher ground. The crest of a ridge separates descending slopes on its opposite sides. Interpreting the bend together with the elevation labels distinguishes a spur from a valley.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
While examining a hillside from its foot toward its summit, the spacing between successive contours becomes progressively WIDER uphill, with a constant contour interval. What type of slope does this normally represent?
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Explanation:
For a constant contour interval, closely spaced lines indicate steep ground. The stated contour spacing is smaller near the foot and larger near the summit. Therefore the lower portion is steeper and the upper portion becomes gentler. This is the usual contour representation of a convex hillside profile. A concave hillside has the opposite spacing pattern, with steeper ground higher up and gentler ground lower down. The slope type is identified from how the gradient changes along the hillside.
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Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
A hillside is gentle near its base but becomes increasingly steep toward its upper portion. With a constant contour interval, which contour-spacing pattern is expected for this CONCAVE slope?
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Explanation:
A concave hillside is relatively gentle in its lower portion and steeper toward its upper portion. Gentle slopes produce comparatively wide contour spacing. Steeper slopes produce comparatively close contour spacing. Therefore the contours are farther apart near the foot and become closer toward the upper part. This is the reverse of the usual pattern for a convex slope. Recognising this distinction helps interpret terrain profiles from contour maps without direct ground inspection.
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Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which statement correctly describes the behaviour of contour lines at vertical cliffs and overhanging terrain?
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Explanation:
On an ordinary ground surface having one elevation at each plan position, different-elevation contours cannot intersect. At a vertical cliff, different elevations may have the same horizontal position. Their contours can consequently coincide in plan representation. An overhanging surface may have more than one elevation above the same plan position, permitting exceptional crossing in projection. These situations are different from ordinary contour intersections on a single-valued ground surface. Therefore the usual non-intersection rule must be understood together with these special terrain conditions.
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Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
At a regular point on a sloping ground surface represented by smooth contours, which direction corresponds to the MAXIMUM rate of change of ground elevation?
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Explanation:
A contour line joins points of constant elevation. Movement along its tangent produces no first-order change in elevation at a regular point. The local direction of maximum elevation change is normal to the contour. This direction is perpendicular to the contour tangent. Maximum ascent and maximum descent lie along opposite senses of the same normal direction. The principle is useful for interpreting drainage direction and the steepest path across a hillside.
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Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
A contour plan shows two separate elevated summits with a lower pass between them. The pass is higher than the adjoining lower terrain on the two transverse sides. Which topographical feature is represented?
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Explanation:
A saddle is a relatively low pass situated between two higher summits or ridges. In the direction joining the two summits, the ground rises away from the pass toward each summit. In the transverse direction, the ground generally falls away from the pass toward lower terrain. This creates the characteristic saddle-shaped landform. Its contour pattern differs from the simple concentric loops of a single hill. Saddles are important in route alignment because they may provide relatively favourable crossings through high terrain.
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Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which field procedure correctly describes the DIRECT METHOD of contouring?
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Explanation:
The direct method traces selected contour elevations on the ground. The surveyor establishes a height of collimation from known vertical control. The staff is moved until the reading corresponding to the required contour RL is obtained. The horizontal positions of these contour points are then surveyed and plotted. Points having the same required elevation are joined to form the contour line. This method is generally accurate but slow and labour-intensive, making it suitable for limited areas requiring detailed contour location.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
During DIRECT contouring, a benchmark has RL 108.450 m and the backsight reading is 1.550 m. From the same level setup, what staff reading should be obtained to locate a point on the 106.750 m contour?
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Explanation:
First calculate the height of collimation using the known benchmark. HI = 108.450 + 1.550 = 110.000 m. The required contour elevation is 106.750 m. The corresponding staff reading is HI minus the target RL, giving 110.000 - 106.750 = 3.250 m. The staff operator must locate a suitable ground point producing this reading while the instrument setup remains unchanged. Once located, its horizontal position is surveyed so that the 106.750 m contour can be traced accurately.
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Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
In the INDIRECT method of contouring, how are the positions of the required contour lines ordinarily determined?
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Explanation:
Indirect contouring begins with surveying selected ground points whose plan positions are known. The reduced levels of these points are determined from vertical control observations. The points and their elevations are then entered on a plan. Required contours are located between the measured points by suitable interpolation. Unlike the direct method, it is unnecessary to locate every contour point physically in the field. The indirect method is generally faster and economical for extensive areas, although contour accuracy depends on the density and quality of observations.
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Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which sequence of operations correctly describes the GRID or SQUARE METHOD of indirect contouring?
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Explanation:
In the grid method, the site is divided into suitable squares or rectangles. The plan positions of grid intersections are established. Spot levels are observed at the grid points using appropriate levelling procedures. These grid points and their reduced levels are transferred to the drawing. The required contour elevations are then interpolated between points of known RL. Additional observations may be necessary near abrupt changes in terrain that are not adequately represented by the basic grid.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Two surveyed grid points A and B are 40 m apart along a straight line. Their RLs are 102.000 m and 110.000 m respectively. Assuming LINEAR variation of elevation between the two points, at what horizontal distance from A will the 106.000 m contour intersect AB?
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Explanation:
The total elevation difference between A and B is 110.000 - 102.000 = 8.000 m. The required contour is 106.000 m, which is 4.000 m above A. Under linear interpolation, the proportional distance from A is 4/8 of the entire line length. Therefore the required distance is (4/8) multiplied by 40 = 20 m. This places the contour intersection halfway between A and B. The calculation assumes a linear ground-elevation variation along AB, which is an interpolation approximation rather than an independently measured contour point.
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Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
For contouring a hilly site by the RADIAL-LINE method, which procedure correctly represents the usual indirect survey?
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Explanation:
The radial-line method establishes a series of rays from one or more suitably located survey stations. Points are selected along these rays at appropriate distances. Their horizontal positions and reduced levels are determined by suitable surveying observations. The rays and observed points are subsequently plotted on the plan. Required contour lines are obtained by interpolating between measured elevations. This method is convenient in hilly terrain where stations can be chosen to cover substantial portions of the surrounding ground.
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Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
An engineer must prepare contour information for a long proposed access-road corridor passing through undulating terrain. Which indirect contouring arrangement is particularly suited to this LINEAR project?
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Explanation:
Route surveys require information about ground elevation along and across a proposed alignment. Longitudinal observations identify the elevation variation with chainage. Cross-sections record spot levels at appropriate offsets to either side of the centreline. These observations can be used as the basis for indirect contour interpolation within the surveyed corridor. The arrangement is particularly useful for roads, railways, canals and pipeline alignments. It also provides ground profiles needed for formation-level design and earthwork estimation.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
On a contour plan drawn to a scale of 1:2500, the measured perpendicular map spacing between two successive contours is 4 cm. If the contour interval is 5 m and the ground slope is assumed uniform between them, what is the ground gradient?
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Explanation:
A scale of 1:2500 means 1 cm on the map represents 2500 cm or 25 m on the ground. Therefore 4 cm represents a horizontal distance of 100 m. The contour interval gives a vertical elevation difference of 5 m. The gradient is vertical difference divided by horizontal distance, giving 5/100 = 0.05. This is equivalent to a 5 percent slope or a gradient of 1 in 20. The calculation assumes that the measured contour spacing follows the direction of maximum slope and represents the corresponding horizontal distance.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
During indirect grid contouring of a proposed waterworks site, the surveyor observes the RLs of all four corners of a large grid square. A small isolated mound lies entirely within the square, but no observation is taken on it. Which action is most appropriate to avoid misrepresenting the terrain?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Grid contouring approximates terrain from elevations observed at selected survey points. A small mound inside a large grid cell may not be represented adequately by its corner elevations. Interpolation between those corners alone can therefore omit an important local high point. Supplementary observations should be taken at significant summits, depressions, breaks in slope and other terrain features. These additional spot levels improve the representation of the actual ground surface. Proper grid density and supplementary terrain observations are essential for dependable contour maps used in engineering design.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: C. It joins ground points having an elevation of 105.000 m relative to the adopted vertical datum. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. 2.5 m. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: D. It is the horizontal ground distance between successive contours, measured along the specified direction of the ground slope. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: A. 80 m. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: C. A larger-scale detailed survey of relatively flat ground generally favours a smaller contour interval. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. Area P is four times as steep as area Q. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: D. A uniformly sloping ground surface. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: A. An isolated hill or elevated summit region. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: C. A closed ground depression. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Toward higher ground, generally upstream. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. The contour bends project toward lower ground rather than pointing upstream toward higher ground. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: A. A convex slope, steep in the lower portion and gentler near the upper portion. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: C. Contours are widely spaced at the bottom and closely spaced toward the top. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. Contours of different elevations may coincide in plan at a vertical cliff, while apparent crossing can occur in the plan projection of an overhang. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. Along the direction locally perpendicular to the contour line. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. A saddle or col. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: D. Locate and survey actual ground points having the required contour RL, then plot and join those points. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. 3.250 m. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. By determining spot levels of selected surveyed points and interpolating the required contour elevations between them. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Divide the survey area into a grid, determine spot RLs at grid points, plot the grid and interpolate contours between known elevations. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: C. 20 m. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: B. Establish radial directions from suitable survey stations, determine distances and spot RLs along the rays, and interpolate contours after plotting. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Taking spot levels along the alignment and at suitable offsets on cross-sections at selected chainages, followed by interpolation. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. 1 in 20, equivalent to 5%. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: C. Take supplementary spot levels on important terrain features, including the mound summit, and use them when interpolating contours. సమాధానం: C.