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Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement best expresses the fundamental objective of a public water-supply system?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
A public water-supply system must satisfy both quantity and quality requirements. Water should be wholesome and suitable for the intended potable and domestic uses. The system must also deliver an adequate quantity with reasonable continuity and pressure. Reliability during normal operation and credible interruptions is an important engineering objective. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In public water-supply engineering, the term wholesome water most appropriately refers to water that is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Wholesome water is not defined merely by visual clarity. Drinking-water safety requires consideration of physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics. Many naturally occurring dissolved constituents may be present without making the water unwholesome when they remain within acceptable limits. In India, drinking-water quality is evaluated with reference to applicable standards such as IS 10500. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which set most completely represents the principal components that may have to be considered in estimating municipal water demand?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Municipal demand is not composed solely of household consumption. Schools, hospitals, offices, shops, hotels and industries can contribute significant non-domestic demand. Municipal uses such as parks, street cleaning and public facilities may also require water. Firefighting creates a special high-rate emergency requirement, while losses must be accounted for appropriately in system planning. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
A town supplies an average of 12 MLD to a population of 80,000 persons. What is the corresponding average per-capita supply?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Twelve MLD equals 12,000,000 litres per day. Per-capita supply is obtained by dividing the daily volume by the population served. Thus the value is 12,000,000/80,000 = 150 litres per capita per day. The calculation does not by itself indicate whether the water is used domestically or in other municipal categories. Therefore Option D is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
MoHUA's current urban water-supply service-level guidance uses which value as the benchmark for per-capita water supply?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
MoHUA service-level guidance uses 135 litres per capita per day as the benchmark for urban per-capita water supply. This value is a service-level benchmark and should not be applied blindly to every project without considering the applicable planning context. Industrial requirements, special institutions and local conditions may require separate assessment. The design basis should therefore distinguish a benchmark service level from project-specific component demands. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Using a planning rate of 135 LPCD for a population of 80,000, what average daily water requirement is obtained?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Average daily demand is population multiplied by the adopted per-capita demand. The volume is 80,000 × 135 = 10,800,000 litres per day. This is equal to 10.8 million litres per day. The calculation represents an average daily planning demand before any separately defined additional allowance is applied. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A city has average demands of 8.4 MLD domestic, 0.7 MLD institutional, 0.6 MLD commercial, 1.2 MLD industrial and 0.3 MLD public-use water. What is the total average consumer demand before adding any separately defined fire requirement or system-loss allowance?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The stated demand components must be added because they represent separate average consumer-use categories. Their sum is 8.4 + 0.7 + 0.6 + 1.2 + 0.3 MLD. This equals 11.2 MLD. Fire demand is not included because the question explicitly excludes it, and system losses have also not yet been added. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which example is most appropriately classified as institutional water demand rather than industrial process demand?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Institutional demand arises from establishments such as hospitals, educational institutions, government offices and similar facilities. Industrial demand is associated with manufacturing, processing, cooling and other production-related activities. The distinction matters because the magnitude and temporal pattern of the two demands can differ substantially. Large industries may also require individual assessment rather than a general municipal per-capita allowance. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which use is most appropriately classified as a public or municipal water-use component?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Public-use demand refers to water consumed for common municipal services rather than individual household or industrial production. Typical examples include parks, street washing, public fountains and certain civic facilities. The magnitude varies with city size, climate and local operating practice. Such authorized use should be distinguished from leakage or unauthorized consumption. Therefore Option D is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which statement best characterizes fire demand in a municipal water-supply system?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Fire demand differs from normal domestic or commercial consumption because it is intermittent and emergency-driven. The instantaneous flow rate required can be large even though the annual volume is comparatively small. Distribution mains, hydrants and storage must be capable of meeting the adopted firefighting requirement without unacceptable service failure. It should therefore not simply be treated as a uniform addition to ordinary average daily use. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Using the supplied Kuichling relation Q = 3182√P L/min, where P is population in thousands, what fire demand is obtained for a population of 64,000?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
For 64,000 persons, the population P in the supplied formula is 64. The square root of 64 is 8. Therefore Q = 3182 × 8 = 25,456 litres per minute. The relation is explicitly supplied in the question, so no assumption that it is a universal formula for every project is required. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which statement correctly distinguishes non-revenue water from physical leakage?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Modern utility water balances treat NRW as a broader concept than physical leakage alone. Real losses include leakage from mains, service connections and storage facilities. Apparent losses arise from unauthorized consumption, metering inaccuracies and data-handling or billing errors. Legitimate but unbilled authorized consumption can also contribute to NRW. Therefore Option D is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
A water utility has a system input volume of 20 MLD and 15 MLD of billed authorized revenue water. If the remaining 5 MLD consists of unbilled authorized consumption, apparent losses and real losses, what is the NRW percentage based on system input?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
NRW is the difference between system input volume and revenue water for the stated water balance. Here NRW is 20 - 15 = 5 MLD. The percentage is therefore 5/20 × 100 = 25 percent. The internal division of that 5 MLD among unbilled authorized use, apparent loss and real loss does not change the total NRW percentage. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Consumers must actually receive 10 MLD, and real distribution losses are estimated as 20 percent of the system input volume. What system input is required, neglecting all other components?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
If losses are 20 percent of input, consumers receive 80 percent of the input volume. The required input is therefore 10/0.80. This gives 12.5 MLD. Simply adding 20 percent to 10 MLD would give 12 MLD and would correspond to a different definition of the percentage. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
What does average daily demand normally represent in water-supply planning?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Average daily demand provides a convenient baseline for long-term water-supply planning. It represents the average daily volume over the chosen annual or representative period. Actual consumption varies from day to day and hour to hour around this average. Maximum-day and peak-hour quantities are therefore separately considered when sizing components sensitive to short-term demand variation. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
A town has an average daily demand of 10.8 MLD. If a maximum-day factor of 1.8 is explicitly adopted for the design calculation, what maximum daily demand results?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The problem explicitly specifies a maximum-day factor of 1.8. The maximum daily demand is therefore 1.8 × 10.8 MLD. This equals 19.44 MLD. The numerical factor is an adopted design input in this question rather than a statement that the same factor must be used for every modern water-supply system. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
A system has an average daily demand of 10.8 MLD. If the design peak-hour rate is explicitly taken as 2.7 times the average hourly rate, what is the peak-hour flow?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The average hourly rate is 10,800 m³/day divided by 24, which equals 450 m³/h. The specified peak factor gives 2.7 × 450 = 1,215 m³/h. Dividing by 3.6 converts this to approximately 337.5 L/s. The calculation applies the factor given in the question and does not assume that all systems have the same hourly peaking behavior. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
If the maximum daily demand is taken as 1.8 times average daily demand and the maximum-hour rate is taken as 1.5 times the average hourly rate of that maximum day, the resulting maximum-hour rate is how many times the annual average hourly rate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The maximum-day volume is 1.8 times the average-day volume. Its average hourly rate is therefore also 1.8 times the annual average hourly rate. Multiplying this by the stated maximum-hour factor of 1.5 gives 1.8 × 1.5 = 2.7. Thus the resulting maximum-hour rate is 2.7 times the annual average hourly rate. Therefore Option D is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which statement about commercial water demand is most accurate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Commercial establishments can have water-use patterns different from residential households. Hotels, restaurants, offices, markets and shops may create substantial demand in particular urban areas. This component should be estimated explicitly where it materially affects the system. It should not be confused with manufacturing process water or distribution losses. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Why should major industrial water demand generally be evaluated on a project-specific basis rather than represented solely by a single municipal LPCD value?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Industrial water use depends strongly on the manufacturing process and plant scale. Cooling, washing, process water, boiler make-up and recycling practices differ substantially between industries. A single residential-style per-capita value cannot represent these variations reliably. Major industrial consumers should therefore be assessed using appropriate process and operating information. Therefore Option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which statement correctly describes authorized public use such as firefighting, flushing or street cleaning in a utility water balance?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Utilities may legitimately use water for firefighting, flushing, street cleaning and similar public purposes. Such consumption may be billed or unbilled depending on the accounting arrangement. When it is authorized but unbilled, it can contribute to NRW without being a physical leakage loss. Distinguishing authorized consumption from real and apparent losses is essential for a meaningful water audit. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which approach is most appropriate when selecting maximum-day and peak-hour demand factors for a new water-supply scheme?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Demand variation depends on the way consumers actually obtain and use water. Intermittent systems can produce different withdrawal patterns from well-managed continuous 24×7 systems. Population size, metering, service reservoirs and local consumer behavior also influence peak rates. Current guidance and measured data should therefore be preferred over blindly applying a legacy factor. Therefore Option D is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
For design purposes, why is fire demand generally treated differently from ordinary average daily consumer demand?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Firefighting can require a large discharge over a relatively short period. Its annual volume may be small compared with domestic consumption, but its instantaneous hydraulic impact can be severe. Distribution mains, hydrants and storage may therefore require a separate fire-flow check. Treating the same fire rate as a continuous daily consumption would misrepresent the system demand pattern. Therefore Option A is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A city of 100,000 persons has explicitly estimated consumer demands of 110 LPCD domestic, 10 LPCD institutional, 8 LPCD commercial and 5 LPCD public use. If a planning allowance equal to 15 percent of this consumer demand is then added for losses and wastage, what source-side average demand is obtained?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
The stated consumer components total 110 + 10 + 8 + 5 = 133 LPCD. The question defines the loss allowance specifically as 15 percent of consumer demand, so the planning rate is 133 × 1.15 = 152.95 LPCD. For 100,000 persons, this equals 15,295,000 litres per day. Hence the source-side average demand is 15.295 MLD under the stated definition. Therefore Option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Consider the following statements about urban water demand: I. Average daily demand is a long-period average and does not represent the maximum hour. II. NRW may contain real losses, apparent losses and unbilled authorized consumption. III. Fire demand is a special high-rate requirement rather than a uniform continuous domestic demand. IV. A current per-capita benchmark should not automatically replace project-specific estimates of major industrial or institutional requirements. Which option is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
Statement I is correct because actual demand varies around the average and separate maximum-day and peak-hour conditions must be considered. Statement II is correct under the modern utility water-balance framework used by MoHUA. Statement III is correct because fire demand is intermittent and can have a high instantaneous rate. Statement IV is correct because service benchmarks do not eliminate the need to assess significant special consumers individually. Therefore all four statements are correct and Option D is the valid answer.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. To provide an adequate, safe and reliable quantity of wholesome water at suitable pressure to the consumers for the intended uses సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: C. Safe for drinking and acceptable with respect to relevant physical, chemical and bacteriological quality requirements సమాధానం: C.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. Domestic, institutional, commercial, industrial, public-use and fire requirements together with system losses or wastage as applicable సమాధానం: A.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. 150 LPCD సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. 135 LPCD సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: C. 10.8 MLD సమాధానం: C.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: A. 11.2 MLD సమాధానం: A.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: B. Water used by a hospital, school or university campus సమాధానం: B.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: D. Watering public parks, street cleaning and operation of public fountains సమాధానం: D.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: C. It is a relatively infrequent but potentially very high-rate demand that influences network and storage design సమాధానం: C.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: A. 25,456 L/min సమాధానం: A.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. Non-revenue water can include real losses, apparent losses and unbilled authorized consumption, while physical leakage is only one part of it సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. 25% సమాధానం: B.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. 12.5 MLD సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. The total annual demand divided by the number of days in the year, expressed as an average daily volume సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: C. 19.44 MLD సమాధానం: C.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. 1,215 m³/h, approximately 337.5 L/s సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: D. 2.7 times సమాధానం: D.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. It may arise from shops, hotels, restaurants, offices and similar establishments and should be assessed separately where significant సమాధానం: A.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: B. Because process type, production rate, cooling requirements, recycling and operating schedule can cause very large differences between industries సమాధానం: B.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: C. It may be legitimate authorized consumption even when unbilled, and should not automatically be treated as real loss సమాధానం: C.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. Use applicable current guidance together with system-specific data, supply continuity, population, storage and observed or expected demand patterns సమాధానం: D.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: A. Because it is a short-duration, high-rate emergency draft that may govern selected distribution, hydrant or storage requirements rather than a continuous average consumption సమాధానం: A.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. 15.295 MLD సమాధానం: C.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. I, II, III and IV సమాధానం: D.