అంతర్జాతీయ సంఘటనలు మరియు సంబంధాలు - టెస్ట్ 73 - ఎన్పీటీ మరియు అణు వ్యాప్తి నిరోధక వ్యవస్థ
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Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement correctly describes the basic chronology of the NPT and the participation figure used in official UN materials for the 2026 Review Conference?
NPT basic chronology మరియు 2026 Review Conference కోసం official UN materialsలో ఉపయోగించిన participation figureను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• The NPT opened for signature on 1 July 1968 in London, Moscow and Washington and entered into force on 5 March 1970.
• Official UN materials for the 2026 Review Conference use the figure of 191 States parties, including the five treaty-defined nuclear-weapon States.
• Separate official NPT documentation notes that the present membership status of the DPRK is uncertain, so that legal issue should not be oversimplified.
• Official UN materials for the 2026 Review Conference use the figure of 191 States parties, including the five treaty-defined nuclear-weapon States.
• Separate official NPT documentation notes that the present membership status of the DPRK is uncertain, so that legal issue should not be oversimplified.
వివరణ:
• NPT 1 జూలై 1968న London, Moscow మరియు Washingtonలో signature కోసం open అయి 5 మార్చి 1970న అమల్లోకి వచ్చింది.
• 2026 Review Conference official UN materials treaty-defined ఐదు nuclear-weapon Statesతో కలిపి 191 States parties అనే figureను ఉపయోగిస్తున్నాయి.
• అయితే separate official NPT documentation DPRK present membership status uncertain అని పేర్కొంటుంది; కాబట్టి ఆ legal issueను oversimplify చేయకూడదు.
• 2026 Review Conference official UN materials treaty-defined ఐదు nuclear-weapon Statesతో కలిపి 191 States parties అనే figureను ఉపయోగిస్తున్నాయి.
• అయితే separate official NPT documentation DPRK present membership status uncertain అని పేర్కొంటుంది; కాబట్టి ఆ legal issueను oversimplify చేయకూడదు.
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which three themes are conventionally described as the three pillars of the NPT?
NPT యొక్క three pillarsగా సాధారణంగా పేర్కొనే మూడు themes ఏవి?
Explanation:
• The NPT framework is conventionally organized around three mutually reinforcing pillars.
• These are nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
• The 2026 Review Conference considered implementation across these three pillars.
• These are nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
• The 2026 Review Conference considered implementation across these three pillars.
వివరణ:
• NPT frameworkను సాధారణంగా పరస్పరం బలోపేతం చేసే three pillars చుట్టూ వివరించబడుతుంది.
• అవి nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament మరియు peaceful uses of nuclear energyలో cooperation.
• 2026 Review Conference కూడా ఈ మూడు pillarsలో implementationను పరిశీలించింది.
• అవి nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament మరియు peaceful uses of nuclear energyలో cooperation.
• 2026 Review Conference కూడా ఈ మూడు pillarsలో implementationను పరిశీలించింది.
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
For purposes of the NPT, how does Article IX(3) define a 'nuclear-weapon State'?
NPT purposes కోసం Article IX(3) 'nuclear-weapon State'ను ఎలా define చేస్తుంది?
Explanation:
• Article IX(3) contains a specific historical cut-off test.
• For NPT purposes, a nuclear-weapon State is one that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device before 1 January 1967.
• Nuclear-weapon possession outside this treaty definition does not by itself create NPT nuclear-weapon-State status.
• For NPT purposes, a nuclear-weapon State is one that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device before 1 January 1967.
• Nuclear-weapon possession outside this treaty definition does not by itself create NPT nuclear-weapon-State status.
వివరణ:
• Article IX(3) specific historical cut-off testను నిర్దేశిస్తుంది.
• NPT purposes కోసం 1 జనవరి 1967కు ముందు nuclear weapon లేదా other nuclear explosive deviceను manufacture చేసి explode చేసిన Stateనే nuclear-weapon Stateగా నిర్వచిస్తుంది.
• ఈ treaty definition బయట nuclear-weapon possession ఉండటం మాత్రమే NPT nuclear-weapon-State statusను కల్పించదు.
• NPT purposes కోసం 1 జనవరి 1967కు ముందు nuclear weapon లేదా other nuclear explosive deviceను manufacture చేసి explode చేసిన Stateనే nuclear-weapon Stateగా నిర్వచిస్తుంది.
• ఈ treaty definition బయట nuclear-weapon possession ఉండటం మాత్రమే NPT nuclear-weapon-State statusను కల్పించదు.
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which set consists entirely of the five nuclear-weapon States recognized as such under the NPT?
NPT కింద nuclear-weapon Statesగా గుర్తించబడిన ఐదు దేశాలతో మాత్రమే ఉన్న సమూహం ఏది?
Explanation:
• The five NPT nuclear-weapon States are China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.
• Their treaty status follows the Article IX(3) definition.
• India, Pakistan and Israel are not NPT States parties and therefore are not treaty-recognized NPT nuclear-weapon States.
• Their treaty status follows the Article IX(3) definition.
• India, Pakistan and Israel are not NPT States parties and therefore are not treaty-recognized NPT nuclear-weapon States.
వివరణ:
• NPTలోని ఐదు nuclear-weapon States China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom మరియు United States.
• వాటి treaty status Article IX(3) definitionపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది.
• India, Pakistan మరియు Israel NPT States parties కావు; కాబట్టి అవి treaty-recognized NPT nuclear-weapon States కావు.
• వాటి treaty status Article IX(3) definitionపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది.
• India, Pakistan మరియు Israel NPT States parties కావు; కాబట్టి అవి treaty-recognized NPT nuclear-weapon States కావు.
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
What is a central obligation of an NPT nuclear-weapon State under Article I?
Article I ప్రకారం NPT nuclear-weapon State యొక్క ప్రధాన obligation ఏది?
Explanation:
• Article I applies to NPT nuclear-weapon States.
• They undertake not to transfer nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices or control over them to any recipient.
• They must also not assist, encourage or induce a non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire such weapons or devices.
• They undertake not to transfer nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices or control over them to any recipient.
• They must also not assist, encourage or induce a non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire such weapons or devices.
వివరణ:
• Article I NPT nuclear-weapon Statesకు వర్తిస్తుంది.
• Nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices లేదా వాటిపై controlను ఏ recipientకూ transfer చేయరాదని అవి undertake చేస్తాయి.
• Non-nuclear-weapon State ఇటువంటి weapons/devicesను manufacture లేదా otherwise acquire చేయడానికి assist, encourage లేదా induce చేయరాదు.
• Nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices లేదా వాటిపై controlను ఏ recipientకూ transfer చేయరాదని అవి undertake చేస్తాయి.
• Non-nuclear-weapon State ఇటువంటి weapons/devicesను manufacture లేదా otherwise acquire చేయడానికి assist, encourage లేదా induce చేయరాదు.
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which obligation is imposed on a non-nuclear-weapon State Party by Article II of the NPT?
NPT Article II non-nuclear-weapon State Partyపై ఏ obligation విధిస్తుంది?
Explanation:
• Article II contains the core non-acquisition obligations of non-nuclear-weapon States parties.
• They undertake not to receive, manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
• They also undertake not to seek or receive assistance in their manufacture.
• They undertake not to receive, manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
• They also undertake not to seek or receive assistance in their manufacture.
వివరణ:
• Article II non-nuclear-weapon States partiesకు core non-acquisition obligationsను నిర్దేశిస్తుంది.
• Nuclear weapons లేదా other nuclear explosive devicesను receive, manufacture లేదా otherwise acquire చేయరాదని అవి undertake చేస్తాయి.
• వాటి manufacture కోసం assistance seek లేదా receive చేయరాదని కూడా undertake చేస్తాయి.
• Nuclear weapons లేదా other nuclear explosive devicesను receive, manufacture లేదా otherwise acquire చేయరాదని అవి undertake చేస్తాయి.
• వాటి manufacture కోసం assistance seek లేదా receive చేయరాదని కూడా undertake చేస్తాయి.
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
What does Article III of the NPT require of a non-nuclear-weapon State Party concerning IAEA safeguards?
IAEA safeguards విషయంలో NPT Article III non-nuclear-weapon State Party నుంచి ఏమి కోరుతుంది?
Explanation:
• Article III requires each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to accept safeguards as set forth in an agreement negotiated and concluded with the IAEA.
• The required safeguards apply to all source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within its territory, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere.
• Their purpose includes verifying fulfilment of NPT obligations and preventing diversion to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
• The required safeguards apply to all source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within its territory, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere.
• Their purpose includes verifying fulfilment of NPT obligations and preventing diversion to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
వివరణ:
• ప్రతి non-nuclear-weapon State Party IAEAతో negotiated మరియు concluded agreementలో పేర్కొన్న safeguardsను accept చేయాలని Article III కోరుతుంది.
• Required safeguards State territoryలో, jurisdiction కింద లేదా anywhere తన controlలో జరిగే అన్ని peaceful nuclear activitiesలోని all source లేదా special fissionable materialకు వర్తిస్తాయి.
• NPT obligations fulfilmentను verify చేసి materialను nuclear weapons లేదా other nuclear explosive devicesకు divert చేయకుండా చూడటం వాటి purposesలో ఒకటి.
• Required safeguards State territoryలో, jurisdiction కింద లేదా anywhere తన controlలో జరిగే అన్ని peaceful nuclear activitiesలోని all source లేదా special fissionable materialకు వర్తిస్తాయి.
• NPT obligations fulfilmentను verify చేసి materialను nuclear weapons లేదా other nuclear explosive devicesకు divert చేయకుండా చూడటం వాటి purposesలో ఒకటి.
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which statement correctly distinguishes an IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement from an Additional Protocol?
IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement మరియు Additional Protocol మధ్య తేడాను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• A Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement is the standard instrument for implementing Article III safeguards obligations of NPT non-nuclear-weapon States.
• An Additional Protocol is concluded in connection with a safeguards agreement and provides supplementary information and access rights.
• For States with comprehensive safeguards agreements, these additional measures strengthen the IAEA's ability to detect possible undeclared nuclear material and activities.
• An Additional Protocol is concluded in connection with a safeguards agreement and provides supplementary information and access rights.
• For States with comprehensive safeguards agreements, these additional measures strengthen the IAEA's ability to detect possible undeclared nuclear material and activities.
వివరణ:
• NPT non-nuclear-weapon States Article III safeguards obligationsను implement చేయడానికి Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement standard instrument.
• Additional Protocol safeguards agreementకు సంబంధించి conclude చేసి supplementary information మరియు access rightsను అందిస్తుంది.
• Comprehensive safeguards agreements ఉన్న Statesలో possible undeclared nuclear material మరియు activitiesను detect చేసే IAEA abilityను ఈ additional measures బలోపేతం చేస్తాయి.
• Additional Protocol safeguards agreementకు సంబంధించి conclude చేసి supplementary information మరియు access rightsను అందిస్తుంది.
• Comprehensive safeguards agreements ఉన్న Statesలో possible undeclared nuclear material మరియు activitiesను detect చేసే IAEA abilityను ఈ additional measures బలోపేతం చేస్తాయి.
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
What does Article IV of the NPT provide concerning peaceful uses of nuclear energy?
Peaceful uses of nuclear energy విషయంలో NPT Article IV ఏమి provides చేస్తుంది?
Explanation:
• Article IV recognizes the inalienable right of all Parties to peaceful nuclear research, production and use without discrimination.
• That right must be exercised in conformity with Articles I and II.
• Article IV also promotes exchange and cooperation concerning peaceful nuclear applications.
• That right must be exercised in conformity with Articles I and II.
• Article IV also promotes exchange and cooperation concerning peaceful nuclear applications.
వివరణ:
• Discrimination లేకుండా peaceful nuclear research, production మరియు useకు అన్ని Parties inalienable rightను Article IV గుర్తిస్తుంది.
• ఆ right Articles I మరియు IIకు conformityలో exercise చేయాలి.
• Peaceful nuclear applications విషయంలో exchange మరియు cooperationను కూడా Article IV ప్రోత్సహిస్తుంది.
• ఆ right Articles I మరియు IIకు conformityలో exercise చేయాలి.
• Peaceful nuclear applications విషయంలో exchange మరియు cooperationను కూడా Article IV ప్రోత్సహిస్తుంది.
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which statement most accurately reflects Article VI of the NPT?
NPT Article VIను అత్యంత ఖచ్చితంగా ప్రతిబింబించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• Article VI is addressed to each Party to the Treaty.
• It requires good-faith negotiations on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament.
• It also refers to negotiations on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
• It requires good-faith negotiations on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament.
• It also refers to negotiations on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
వివరణ:
• Article VI Treatyలోని ప్రతి Partyకు address అవుతుంది.
• Nuclear arms raceను early dateలో cease చేయడానికి సంబంధించిన effective measures మరియు nuclear disarmamentపై good-faith negotiationsను కోరుతుంది.
• Strict and effective international control కింద general and complete disarmament treatyపై negotiationsను కూడా ఇది ప్రస్తావిస్తుంది.
• Nuclear arms raceను early dateలో cease చేయడానికి సంబంధించిన effective measures మరియు nuclear disarmamentపై good-faith negotiationsను కోరుతుంది.
• Strict and effective international control కింద general and complete disarmament treatyపై negotiationsను కూడా ఇది ప్రస్తావిస్తుంది.
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
What major decision concerning the duration of the NPT was taken at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference?
1995 Review and Extension Conferenceలో NPT durationకు సంబంధించి ఏ major decision తీసుకున్నారు?
Explanation:
• Article X(2) required a conference 25 years after entry into force to decide the Treaty's future duration.
• On 11 May 1995, the Review and Extension Conference decided that the NPT should continue in force indefinitely.
• Review Conferences nevertheless continue under the Treaty review process.
• On 11 May 1995, the Review and Extension Conference decided that the NPT should continue in force indefinitely.
• Review Conferences nevertheless continue under the Treaty review process.
వివరణ:
• Treaty entry into force తర్వాత 25 సంవత్సరాలకు దాని future durationపై నిర్ణయం తీసుకోవడానికి conference జరగాలని Article X(2) కోరింది.
• 11 మే 1995న Review and Extension Conference NPT indefinitely కొనసాగాలని నిర్ణయించింది.
• అయినప్పటికీ Treaty review process కింద Review Conferences కొనసాగుతాయి.
• 11 మే 1995న Review and Extension Conference NPT indefinitely కొనసాగాలని నిర్ణయించింది.
• అయినప్పటికీ Treaty review process కింద Review Conferences కొనసాగుతాయి.
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which statement correctly describes the NPT review process?
NPT review processను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• Article VIII provides the foundation for periodic review of the Treaty's operation.
• Review Conferences have normally been held at five-year intervals.
• The conference originally scheduled for 2020 was postponed by the COVID-19 pandemic and ultimately held in 2022; the following review cycle was truncated so that the Eleventh Review Conference could take place in 2026.
• Review Conferences have normally been held at five-year intervals.
• The conference originally scheduled for 2020 was postponed by the COVID-19 pandemic and ultimately held in 2022; the following review cycle was truncated so that the Eleventh Review Conference could take place in 2026.
వివరణ:
• Article VIII Treaty operation periodic reviewకు foundationను అందిస్తుంది.
• Review Conferences సాధారణంగా five-year intervalsలో జరుగుతాయి.
• 2020కు scheduled conference COVID-19 pandemic కారణంగా postpone అయి చివరకు 2022లో జరిగింది; Eleventh Review Conferenceను 2026లో నిర్వహించడానికి తరువాతి review cycleను truncate చేశారు.
• Review Conferences సాధారణంగా five-year intervalsలో జరుగుతాయి.
• 2020కు scheduled conference COVID-19 pandemic కారణంగా postpone అయి చివరకు 2022లో జరిగింది; Eleventh Review Conferenceను 2026లో నిర్వహించడానికి తరువాతి review cycleను truncate చేశారు.
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Which statement correctly describes the Eleventh NPT Review Conference held in 2026?
2026లో జరిగిన Eleventh NPT Review Conferenceను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• The Eleventh NPT Review Conference met at UN Headquarters in New York from 27 April to 22 May 2026.
• States parties considered implementation across the Treaty's three pillars and other review issues.
• The Conference ended without consensus on a substantive outcome.
• States parties considered implementation across the Treaty's three pillars and other review issues.
• The Conference ended without consensus on a substantive outcome.
వివరణ:
• Eleventh NPT Review Conference 27 ఏప్రిల్ నుంచి 22 మే 2026 వరకు New Yorkలోని UN Headquartersలో జరిగింది.
• Treaty three pillars మరియు ఇతర review issuesలో implementationను States parties పరిశీలించాయి.
• Substantive outcomeపై consensus లేకుండా Conference ముగిసింది.
• Treaty three pillars మరియు ఇతర review issuesలో implementationను States parties పరిశీలించాయి.
• Substantive outcomeపై consensus లేకుండా Conference ముగిసింది.
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Under Article X(1) of the NPT, which statement correctly describes a Party's right of withdrawal?
NPT Article X(1) ప్రకారం Party withdrawal rightను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• Article X(1) recognizes a right of withdrawal under specified conditions in the exercise of national sovereignty.
• The Party must decide that extraordinary events related to the Treaty's subject matter have jeopardized its supreme interests.
• Three months' advance notice must be given to all other Parties and the UN Security Council, together with a statement of those extraordinary events.
• The Party must decide that extraordinary events related to the Treaty's subject matter have jeopardized its supreme interests.
• Three months' advance notice must be given to all other Parties and the UN Security Council, together with a statement of those extraordinary events.
వివరణ:
• Article X(1) national sovereignty exerciseలో specified conditions కింద withdrawal rightను గుర్తిస్తుంది.
• Treaty subject matterకు సంబంధించిన extraordinary events తన supreme interestsను jeopardize చేశాయని Party నిర్ణయించాలి.
• అన్ని other Parties మరియు UN Security Councilకు మూడు నెలల advance noticeతో పాటు ఆ extraordinary events statement ఇవ్వాలి.
• Treaty subject matterకు సంబంధించిన extraordinary events తన supreme interestsను jeopardize చేశాయని Party నిర్ణయించాలి.
• అన్ని other Parties మరియు UN Security Councilకు మూడు నెలల advance noticeతో పాటు ఆ extraordinary events statement ఇవ్వాలి.
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Which statement correctly distinguishes the NPT treaty histories of India, Israel, Pakistan and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)?
India, Israel, Pakistan మరియు Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) NPT treaty historiesను సరైన విధంగా వేరు చేసే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• India, Israel and Pakistan have not joined the NPT.
• The DPRK had joined the Treaty and announced withdrawal in January 2003, giving it a different treaty history from those three States.
• Official documentation prepared for the 2026 NPT Review Conference expressly notes that the status of the DPRK's membership is uncertain; this question therefore does not assert an uncontested present legal status for the DPRK.
• The DPRK had joined the Treaty and announced withdrawal in January 2003, giving it a different treaty history from those three States.
• Official documentation prepared for the 2026 NPT Review Conference expressly notes that the status of the DPRK's membership is uncertain; this question therefore does not assert an uncontested present legal status for the DPRK.
వివరణ:
• India, Israel మరియు Pakistan NPTలో చేరలేదు.
• DPRK గతంలో Treatyలో చేరి 2003 జనవరిలో withdrawalను ప్రకటించింది; అందువల్ల దాని treaty history ఆ మూడు Statesతో భిన్నంగా ఉంది.
• 2026 NPT Review Conference కోసం సిద్ధం చేసిన official documentation DPRK membership status uncertain అని expressly పేర్కొంటుంది; అందువల్ల ఈ question DPRK present legal statusపై uncontested conclusionను assert చేయదు.
• DPRK గతంలో Treatyలో చేరి 2003 జనవరిలో withdrawalను ప్రకటించింది; అందువల్ల దాని treaty history ఆ మూడు Statesతో భిన్నంగా ఉంది.
• 2026 NPT Review Conference కోసం సిద్ధం చేసిన official documentation DPRK membership status uncertain అని expressly పేర్కొంటుంది; అందువల్ల ఈ question DPRK present legal statusపై uncontested conclusionను assert చేయదు.
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which statement most accurately distinguishes India's nuclear-policy terminology from the NPT's legal terminology?
India nuclear-policy terminologyను NPT legal terminology నుంచి అత్యంత ఖచ్చితంగా వేరు చేసే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• India's Ministry of External Affairs has described India in national policy statements as a responsible nuclear weapon State and has reiterated support for universal, non-discriminatory and verifiable nuclear disarmament.
• India is not a Party to the NPT.
• Article IX(3)'s treaty-defined category must therefore be distinguished from broader national-policy or analytical descriptions of nuclear-armed States.
• India is not a Party to the NPT.
• Article IX(3)'s treaty-defined category must therefore be distinguished from broader national-policy or analytical descriptions of nuclear-armed States.
వివరణ:
• India's Ministry of External Affairs national policy statementsలో Indiaను responsible nuclear weapon Stateగా పేర్కొంటూ universal, non-discriminatory మరియు verifiable nuclear disarmamentకు supportను reiterate చేసింది.
• India NPT Party కాదు.
• అందువల్ల Article IX(3) treaty-defined categoryను nuclear-armed Statesపై broader national-policy లేదా analytical descriptions నుంచి వేరు చేయాలి.
• India NPT Party కాదు.
• అందువల్ల Article IX(3) treaty-defined categoryను nuclear-armed Statesపై broader national-policy లేదా analytical descriptions నుంచి వేరు చేయాలి.
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between India and IAEA safeguards despite India's non-party status under the NPT?
India NPTకు non-party అయినప్పటికీ India మరియు IAEA safeguards మధ్య relationshipను సరైన విధంగా వివరించే ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• India is not an NPT Party, so it is not subject to the Article III comprehensive-safeguards obligation applicable to NPT non-nuclear-weapon States parties.
• The India-IAEA Agreement for the Application of Safeguards to Civilian Nuclear Facilities, INFCIRC/754, entered into force on 11 May 2009.
• The Additional Protocol to that agreement entered into force on 25 July 2014.
• The India-IAEA Agreement for the Application of Safeguards to Civilian Nuclear Facilities, INFCIRC/754, entered into force on 11 May 2009.
• The Additional Protocol to that agreement entered into force on 25 July 2014.
వివరణ:
• India NPT Party కాదు; అందువల్ల NPT non-nuclear-weapon States partiesకు వర్తించే Article III comprehensive-safeguards obligationకు subject కాదు.
• India-IAEA Agreement for the Application of Safeguards to Civilian Nuclear Facilities, INFCIRC/754, 11 మే 2009న అమల్లోకి వచ్చింది.
• ఆ agreementకు సంబంధించిన Additional Protocol 25 జూలై 2014న అమల్లోకి వచ్చింది.
• India-IAEA Agreement for the Application of Safeguards to Civilian Nuclear Facilities, INFCIRC/754, 11 మే 2009న అమల్లోకి వచ్చింది.
• ఆ agreementకు సంబంధించిన Additional Protocol 25 జూలై 2014న అమల్లోకి వచ్చింది.
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which statement about NPT membership and the IAEA Additional Protocol is correct?
NPT membership మరియు IAEA Additional Protocol గురించి సరైన ప్రకటన ఏది?
Explanation:
• The Model Additional Protocol was approved by the IAEA Board of Governors in 1997 as a means of strengthening safeguards.
• An Additional Protocol is concluded in connection with a safeguards agreement and provides complementary legal authority for additional information and access.
• It is therefore not automatically in force simply because a State joins the NPT.
• An Additional Protocol is concluded in connection with a safeguards agreement and provides complementary legal authority for additional information and access.
• It is therefore not automatically in force simply because a State joins the NPT.
వివరణ:
• Safeguardsను strengthen చేయడానికి Model Additional Protocolను IAEA Board of Governors 1997లో approve చేసింది.
• Additional Protocol safeguards agreementకు సంబంధించి conclude చేసి additional information మరియు access కోసం complementary legal authorityను అందిస్తుంది.
• కాబట్టి State NPTలో చేరినంత మాత్రాన అది automatically అమల్లోకి రాదు.
• Additional Protocol safeguards agreementకు సంబంధించి conclude చేసి additional information మరియు access కోసం complementary legal authorityను అందిస్తుంది.
• కాబట్టి State NPTలో చేరినంత మాత్రాన అది automatically అమల్లోకి రాదు.
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Under Article III(2) of the NPT, what safeguard-related condition applies when a State Party supplies specified nuclear material or specially designed equipment to a non-nuclear-weapon State for peaceful purposes?
NPT Article III(2) ప్రకారం State Party specified nuclear material లేదా specially designed equipmentను peaceful purposes కోసం non-nuclear-weapon Stateకు supply చేసినప్పుడు ఏ safeguard-related condition వర్తిస్తుంది?
Explanation:
• Article III(2) addresses specified peaceful nuclear transfers to non-nuclear-weapon States.
• A State Party undertakes not to provide source or special fissionable material, or specially designed or prepared relevant equipment or material, unless the relevant nuclear material is subject to the safeguards required by Article III.
• This provision links peaceful nuclear supply with non-proliferation verification.
• A State Party undertakes not to provide source or special fissionable material, or specially designed or prepared relevant equipment or material, unless the relevant nuclear material is subject to the safeguards required by Article III.
• This provision links peaceful nuclear supply with non-proliferation verification.
వివరణ:
• Article III(2) non-nuclear-weapon Statesకు specified peaceful nuclear transfersను address చేస్తుంది.
• Source లేదా special fissionable material, లేదా specially designed/prepared relevant equipment లేదా materialను provide చేసేటప్పుడు relevant nuclear material Article III required safeguardsకు subjectగా ఉండాలి.
• ఈ provision peaceful nuclear supplyను non-proliferation verificationతో link చేస్తుంది.
• Source లేదా special fissionable material, లేదా specially designed/prepared relevant equipment లేదా materialను provide చేసేటప్పుడు relevant nuclear material Article III required safeguardsకు subjectగా ఉండాలి.
• ఈ provision peaceful nuclear supplyను non-proliferation verificationతో link చేస్తుంది.
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
If a State possessing nuclear weapons but not qualifying under the NPT's pre-1 January 1967 definition sought to accede to the Treaty under its existing terms, which description best reflects the NPT framework?
Nuclear weapons possess చేస్తున్నప్పటికీ NPT pre-1 January 1967 definitionకు qualify కాని State existing Treaty terms కింద accede కావాలనుకుంటే NPT frameworkను అత్యంత సరైన విధంగా ఏది ప్రతిబింబిస్తుంది?
Explanation:
• Article IX(3) fixes the NPT nuclear-weapon-State definition by reference to manufacture and explosion before 1 January 1967.
• Later nuclear-weapon possession, acquisition or testing does not itself alter that treaty definition.
• NPT review-process documents have repeatedly called on States outside the Treaty, including India, Israel and Pakistan, to accede as non-nuclear-weapon States.
• Later nuclear-weapon possession, acquisition or testing does not itself alter that treaty definition.
• NPT review-process documents have repeatedly called on States outside the Treaty, including India, Israel and Pakistan, to accede as non-nuclear-weapon States.
వివరణ:
• Article IX(3) manufacture మరియు explosion 1 జనవరి 1967కు ముందు జరిగిందా అనే criterionతో NPT nuclear-weapon-State definitionను fix చేస్తుంది.
• తరువాత జరిగిన nuclear-weapon possession, acquisition లేదా testing మాత్రమే ఆ treaty definitionను మార్చదు.
• India, Israel మరియు Pakistanతో సహా Treaty బయట ఉన్న States NPTలో non-nuclear-weapon Statesగా accede కావాలని NPT review-process documents పలుమార్లు కోరాయి.
• తరువాత జరిగిన nuclear-weapon possession, acquisition లేదా testing మాత్రమే ఆ treaty definitionను మార్చదు.
• India, Israel మరియు Pakistanతో సహా Treaty బయట ఉన్న States NPTలో non-nuclear-weapon Statesగా accede కావాలని NPT review-process documents పలుమార్లు కోరాయి.
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. The NPT opened for signature on 1 July 1968, entered into force on 5 March 1970, and official 2026 UN NPT materials report 191 States parties సమాధానం: B. NPT 1 జూలై 1968న signature కోసం open అయి, 5 మార్చి 1970న అమల్లోకి వచ్చింది; official 2026 UN NPT materials 191 States parties ఉన్నట్లు పేర్కొంటాయి
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: C. Nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and peaceful uses of nuclear energy సమాధానం: C. Nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament మరియు peaceful uses of nuclear energy
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: A. A State that has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967 సమాధానం: A. 1 జనవరి 1967కు ముందు nuclear weapon లేదా other nuclear explosive deviceను manufacture చేసి explode చేసిన State
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and United States సమాధానం: C. China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom మరియు United States
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. Not to transfer nuclear weapons or control over them to any recipient and not to assist, encourage or induce a non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire them సమాధానం: B. ఏ recipientకూ nuclear weapons లేదా వాటిపై control transfer చేయకపోవడం; non-nuclear-weapon State వాటిని manufacture లేదా otherwise acquire చేయడానికి assist, encourage లేదా induce చేయకపోవడం
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: D. It must not receive nuclear weapons or control over them, manufacture or otherwise acquire them, or seek or receive assistance in their manufacture సమాధానం: D. Nuclear weapons లేదా వాటిపై controlను receive చేయరాదు, వాటిని manufacture లేదా otherwise acquire చేయరాదు, వాటి manufacture కోసం assistance seek లేదా receive చేయరాదు
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Acceptance of IAEA safeguards under an agreement covering all source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within its territory, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere సమాధానం: C. తన territoryలో, jurisdiction కింద లేదా anywhere తన controlలో జరిగే అన్ని peaceful nuclear activitiesలోని all source లేదా special fissionable materialపై agreement ద్వారా IAEA safeguardsను accept చేయడం
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: B. For NPT non-nuclear-weapon States, a comprehensive safeguards agreement implements Article III obligations; an Additional Protocol is a complementary legal instrument providing broader information and access that strengthens the IAEA's verification capability సమాధానం: B. NPT non-nuclear-weapon States విషయంలో comprehensive safeguards agreement Article III obligationsను implement చేస్తుంది; Additional Protocol broader information మరియు accessను అందించి IAEA verification capabilityను బలోపేతం చేసే complementary legal instrument
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. All Parties have an inalienable right to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II సమాధానం: A. Articles I మరియు IIకు conformityలో, discrimination లేకుండా peaceful purposes కోసం nuclear energy research, production మరియు useను develop చేయడానికి అన్ని Partiesకు inalienable right ఉంటుంది
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: D. Each Party undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control సమాధానం: D. Nuclear arms raceను early dateలో cease చేయడానికి సంబంధించిన effective measures మరియు nuclear disarmamentపై, అలాగే strict and effective international control కింద general and complete disarmament treatyపై good faithలో negotiations pursue చేయాలని ప్రతి Party undertake చేస్తుంది
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. The Treaty was extended indefinitely సమాధానం: C. Treatyను indefinitely extend చేశారు
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: B. The operation of the Treaty is reviewed through Review Conferences normally held at five-year intervals; pandemic-related delay of the Tenth Review Conference led States parties to truncate the following cycle so that the Eleventh Review Conference could be held in 2026 సమాధానం: B. Treaty operationను సాధారణంగా five-year intervalsలో జరిగే Review Conferences ద్వారా review చేస్తారు; Tenth Review Conference pandemic కారణంగా ఆలస్యమవడంతో Eleventh Review Conferenceను 2026లో నిర్వహించడానికి States parties తదుపరి cycleను truncate చేశాయి
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: D. It was held at UN Headquarters in New York from 27 April to 22 May 2026 and ended without consensus on a substantive outcome సమాధానం: D. ఇది 27 ఏప్రిల్ నుంచి 22 మే 2026 వరకు New Yorkలోని UN Headquartersలో జరిగి substantive outcomeపై consensus లేకుండా ముగిసింది
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: A. A Party may withdraw if it decides extraordinary events related to the Treaty's subject matter have jeopardized its supreme interests, after giving three months' notice to all other Parties and the UN Security Council and stating those extraordinary events సమాధానం: A. Treaty subject matterకు సంబంధించిన extraordinary events తన supreme interestsను jeopardize చేశాయని Party నిర్ణయిస్తే, అన్ని other Parties మరియు UN Security Councilకు మూడు నెలల ముందుగా notice ఇచ్చి ఆ extraordinary eventsను పేర్కొంటూ withdraw కావచ్చు
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. India, Israel and Pakistan have remained outside the Treaty without joining it, whereas the DPRK had joined the NPT and announced its withdrawal in 2003 సమాధానం: C. India, Israel మరియు Pakistan Treatyలో చేరకుండా బయటే ఉన్నాయి; DPRK మాత్రం గతంలో NPTలో చేరి 2003లో withdrawalను ప్రకటించింది
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. India is not an NPT Party and is therefore not one of the treaty-defined NPT nuclear-weapon States, even though Indian official policy statements describe India as a nuclear weapon State in the broader national-policy sense సమాధానం: D. India NPT Party కాదు; అందువల్ల treaty-defined NPT nuclear-weapon Statesలో ఒకటి కాదు, అయితే broader national-policy senseలో Indian official policy statements Indiaను nuclear weapon Stateగా పేర్కొంటాయి
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: C. India has an IAEA Agreement for the Application of Safeguards to Civilian Nuclear Facilities, INFCIRC/754, and an Additional Protocol to that agreement in force, but this is distinct from the NPT Article III comprehensive-safeguards obligation applicable to NPT non-nuclear-weapon States సమాధానం: C. Indiaకు civilian nuclear facilitiesకు safeguards apply చేసే IAEA Agreement, INFCIRC/754, మరియు ఆ agreementకు అమల్లో ఉన్న Additional Protocol ఉన్నాయి; అయితే ఇది NPT non-nuclear-weapon Statesకు వర్తించే Article III comprehensive-safeguards obligationతో భిన్నమైనది
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: D. NPT membership by itself does not automatically bring an Additional Protocol into force; an Additional Protocol is a separate legal instrument concluded in connection with a safeguards agreement సమాధానం: D. NPT membership మాత్రమే Additional Protocolను automatically అమల్లోకి తీసుకురాదు; Additional Protocol safeguards agreementకు సంబంధించి conclude చేసే separate legal instrument
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. The relevant source or special fissionable material must be subject to the safeguards required by Article III సమాధానం: A. Relevant source లేదా special fissionable material Article III required safeguardsకు subjectగా ఉండాలి
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: B. It would have to accede within the Treaty's non-nuclear-weapon-State framework; possession or later nuclear testing does not alter the fixed Article IX(3) definition సమాధానం: B. Treatyలోని non-nuclear-weapon-State framework కింద accede కావాలి; possession లేదా later nuclear testing fixed Article IX(3) definitionను మార్చదు
