Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement best describes an ordinary non-materialized view in a relational DBMS?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A conventional database view presents data based on a stored query definition.
• The underlying records normally remain in the base tables rather than being copied into the view itself.
• Views can simplify queries and can expose selected rows or columns without duplicating the base data.
• The underlying records normally remain in the base tables rather than being copied into the view itself.
• Views can simplify queries and can expose selected rows or columns without duplicating the base data.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In relational-database terminology, which pairing is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A relational table organizes data into rows and columns.
• Each row represents one record or tuple, while each column represents an attribute or field of those records.
• This row-column structure is fundamental to the relational data model.
• Each row represents one record or tuple, while each column represents an attribute or field of those records.
• This row-column structure is fundamental to the relational data model.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which definition most accurately describes a candidate key of a relational table?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A candidate key uniquely identifies each tuple in a relation.
• It is minimal, meaning that no proper subset of its attributes is sufficient to preserve uniqueness.
• One candidate key may be selected as the primary key, while others remain alternate candidate keys.
• It is minimal, meaning that no proper subset of its attributes is sufficient to preserve uniqueness.
• One candidate key may be selected as the primary key, while others remain alternate candidate keys.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Orders.CustomerID refers to Customers.CustomerID, which is the primary key of the Customers table. Which database concept most directly helps prevent an Orders row from referencing a customer that does not exist?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Orders.CustomerID functions as a foreign key referencing a key in the Customers table.
• Referential integrity can prevent foreign-key values that have no corresponding referenced record.
• This maintains logical consistency between related relational tables.
• Referential integrity can prevent foreign-key values that have no corresponding referenced record.
• This maintains logical consistency between related relational tables.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
A transaction must debit one account and credit another. If the credit operation fails, the debit must also be undone. Which ACID property requires this all-or-nothing behavior?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Atomicity treats all operations in a transaction as one indivisible unit of work.
• Either all required changes complete successfully or the incomplete effects are rolled back.
• This prevents a failed transaction from leaving only part of its intended changes stored.
• Either all required changes complete successfully or the incomplete effects are rolled back.
• This prevents a failed transaction from leaving only part of its intended changes stored.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which ACID property requires a transaction to take the database from one valid state to another valid state while preserving applicable integrity rules?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Consistency requires transactions to preserve the database's defined rules and constraints.
• A valid transaction should not leave the database violating applicable integrity requirements after completion.
• Atomicity, isolation and durability address different transaction characteristics.
• A valid transaction should not leave the database violating applicable integrity requirements after completion.
• Atomicity, isolation and durability address different transaction characteristics.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A transaction successfully commits. The database server then loses power. Which ACID property requires the committed changes to remain recorded after recovery?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Durability means successfully committed transaction effects persist despite subsequent failures.
• Recovery mechanisms such as transaction logs and stable storage help preserve committed data.
• Durability applies after successful completion rather than to uncommitted intermediate changes.
• Recovery mechanisms such as transaction logs and stable storage help preserve committed data.
• Durability applies after successful completion rather than to uncommitted intermediate changes.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which statement best describes serializable transaction isolation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Serializable isolation is intended to provide the effect of transactions executing in some serial order.
• Concurrent execution is permitted only when the final behavior is consistent with such a valid serial ordering.
• It therefore provides stronger isolation than levels that permit more concurrency anomalies.
• Concurrent execution is permitted only when the final behavior is consistent with such a valid serial ordering.
• It therefore provides stronger isolation than levels that permit more concurrency anomalies.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Transaction T1 updates a value but has not committed. Transaction T2 reads that temporary value before T1 either commits or rolls back. What concurrency anomaly has occurred?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A dirty read occurs when one transaction reads data written by another transaction that has not yet committed.
• If the writing transaction later rolls back, the reader has observed a value that never became valid committed data.
• Higher isolation levels can prevent this anomaly.
• If the writing transaction later rolls back, the reader has observed a value that never became valid committed data.
• Higher isolation levels can prevent this anomaly.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Two transactions read the same account balance of ₹10,000. T1 calculates and writes ₹9,000, while T2 independently calculates and later writes ₹8,000 based on the original ₹10,000 value, overwriting T1's update. Which anomaly is illustrated?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A lost update occurs when one transaction's modification is overwritten by another concurrent transaction using an outdated value.
• In this scenario T2 does not incorporate T1's already-written change and therefore effectively destroys T1's update.
• Appropriate locking or concurrency-control mechanisms are used to prevent such conflicts.
• In this scenario T2 does not incorporate T1's already-written change and therefore effectively destroys T1's update.
• Appropriate locking or concurrency-control mechanisms are used to prevent such conflicts.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Which statement about database locks is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• An exclusive lock is associated with operations that require protected modification of a data item.
• It prevents other transactions from obtaining incompatible locks on the same protected resource.
• Locking is a fundamental technique for coordinating concurrent database access.
• It prevents other transactions from obtaining incompatible locks on the same protected resource.
• Locking is a fundamental technique for coordinating concurrent database access.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Transaction T1 holds resource A and waits for resource B, while transaction T2 holds resource B and waits for resource A. Neither transaction can proceed. What condition is this?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A deadlock occurs when transactions wait indefinitely for resources held by one another in a cycle.
• Neither transaction can continue unless the DBMS detects and breaks the cycle, often by aborting one participant.
• Deadlock is a concurrency-control issue rather than a normalization or indexing problem.
• Neither transaction can continue unless the DBMS detects and breaks the cycle, often by aborting one participant.
• Deadlock is a concurrency-control issue rather than a normalization or indexing problem.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Which statement correctly describes the two-phase locking protocol at a conceptual level?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Two-phase locking separates lock management into growing and shrinking phases.
• Locks are acquired during the growing phase, and once lock release begins, no new locks are acquired.
• This protocol is an important mechanism for achieving serializable execution under lock-based concurrency control.
• Locks are acquired during the growing phase, and once lock release begins, no new locks are acquired.
• This protocol is an important mechanism for achieving serializable execution under lock-based concurrency control.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
In Microsoft Access, a field named Marks must permit only values from 0 through 100 inclusive. Which field property is most appropriate for enforcing a condition such as >=0 And <=100?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Validation Rule property defines a condition that entered data must satisfy.
• A rule such as >=0 And <=100 directly restricts Marks to the required numerical range.
• Validation Text can additionally provide a message when the rule is violated.
• A rule such as >=0 And <=100 directly restricts Marks to the required numerical range.
• Validation Text can additionally provide a message when the rule is violated.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
An Access query should ask the user to enter a District name every time the query is run and then return matching records. Which query approach is most suitable?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A parameter query obtains a value at run time and uses that value as part of the query criteria.
• This allows the same saved query to be reused for different District values.
• It avoids having to reopen Query Design and manually modify the criterion for every execution.
• This allows the same saved query to be reused for different District values.
• It avoids having to reopen Query Design and manually modify the criterion for every execution.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
An Access database must change Status from "Pending" to "Closed" for every existing record satisfying a specified completion criterion. Which query type is designed for this operation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• An Update query changes field values in existing records that satisfy defined criteria.
• It can modify many qualifying rows in a single operation.
• A Select query retrieves information but does not itself alter the stored records.
• It can modify many qualifying rows in a single operation.
• A Select query retrieves information but does not itself alter the stored records.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
In an Access form, a text box displays and edits the Surname field from the form's underlying record source. How is that text box classified?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A bound control is connected to a field in the form's underlying table or query.
• Changes made through the control can therefore update the associated field when the form is updateable.
• An unbound control has no direct field binding.
• Changes made through the control can therefore update the associated field when the form is updateable.
• An unbound control has no direct field binding.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
An Access report is grouped by District and must display a subtotal of Amount for each District immediately after that district's records. Where is the subtotal control most appropriately placed?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A group footer appears once after the records belonging to each defined group.
• A subtotal expression placed in the District Group Footer can calculate the total for that particular district.
• A Report Footer is more suitable for an overall report total rather than one subtotal per group.
• A subtotal expression placed in the District Group Footer can calculate the total for that particular district.
• A Report Footer is more suitable for an overall report total rather than one subtotal per group.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
The CPU requests a memory block and finds a valid copy already present in the appropriate cache level. What is this event called?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A cache hit occurs when the requested instruction or data is already available in the cache being checked.
• The processor can retrieve it with lower latency than accessing slower memory levels.
• A cache miss occurs when the requested block is not available in that cache.
• The processor can retrieve it with lower latency than accessing slower memory levels.
• A cache miss occurs when the requested block is not available in that cache.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
A Windows administrator wants Employee1 to read a confidential NTFS folder but not modify or delete its files. Which approach is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• NTFS permissions can control actions such as reading, writing, modifying and deleting files and folders.
• Granting only the necessary read permissions follows the principle of least privilege.
• Administrator access would provide unnecessarily broad system permissions.
• Granting only the necessary read permissions follows the principle of least privilege.
• Administrator access would provide unnecessarily broad system permissions.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A Word document uses the custom style "Case Heading" on 150 headings. The author wants every one of those headings to use a different font and spacing while preserving the same style assignment. What is the most efficient method?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Word styles provide reusable sets of formatting properties.
• Modifying the style definition updates document text that uses that style, subject to the document's formatting conditions.
• This provides much better consistency than manually changing each heading separately.
• Modifying the style definition updates document text that uses that style, subject to the document's formatting conditions.
• This provides much better consistency than manually changing each heading separately.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
In Excel, cell F3 contains the formula =$B3+C$1. The formula is copied to H6. What formula will appear in H6?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Moving from F3 to H6 shifts the formula two columns right and three rows down.
• $B3 keeps column B fixed while row 3 changes to row 6, producing $B6.
• C$1 keeps row 1 fixed while column C shifts two columns to E, producing E$1.
• $B3 keeps column B fixed while row 3 changes to row 6, producing $B6.
• C$1 keeps row 1 fixed while column C shifts two columns to E, producing E$1.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
During a PowerPoint slide show, clicking a particular shape should jump directly to another specified slide in the same presentation. Which feature is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• PowerPoint can assign hyperlinks or Action settings to objects such as shapes.
• The action can be configured to navigate to a specific slide during the slide show.
• Handout Master and image compression do not provide interactive slide navigation.
• The action can be configured to navigate to a specific slide during the slide show.
• Handout Master and image compression do not provide interactive slide navigation.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A workstation needs to send an IP packet to a destination outside its own local subnet. Which configured network value normally identifies the router to which the workstation should send such non-local traffic?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The default gateway identifies the router used when a host has no more specific route for a remote destination.
• Packets for hosts outside the local subnet are commonly forwarded toward this gateway.
• DNS configuration resolves names but does not itself route the resulting packets.
• Packets for hosts outside the local subnet are commonly forwarded toward this gateway.
• DNS configuration resolves names but does not itself route the resulting packets.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Match List I with List II:
List I
(a) Authentication
(b) Encryption
(c) Firewall
(d) VPN
List II
1. Controls network traffic according to security policy
2. Verifies a claimed identity
3. Provides a protected virtual communication path across an existing network
4. Transforms plaintext into ciphertext to protect confidentiality
Choose the correct matching code.
List I
(a) Authentication
(b) Encryption
(c) Firewall
(d) VPN
List II
1. Controls network traffic according to security policy
2. Verifies a claimed identity
3. Provides a protected virtual communication path across an existing network
4. Transforms plaintext into ciphertext to protect confidentiality
Choose the correct matching code.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Authentication verifies identity, giving (a)-2, while encryption protects confidentiality through cryptographic transformation, giving (b)-4.
• A firewall controls network traffic according to policy, giving (c)-1.
• A VPN creates the protected virtual communication path, giving (d)-3.
• A firewall controls network traffic according to policy, giving (c)-1.
• A VPN creates the protected virtual communication path, giving (d)-3.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: D. It is a virtual table defined by a query, with its displayed data derived from underlying tables when the view is used. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: A. A row represents a record or tuple, while a column represents a field or attribute. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: B. A minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies each row in the relation. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. Referential integrity enforced through the foreign-key relationship సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: D. Atomicity సమాధానం: D.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. Consistency సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: A. Durability సమాధానం: A.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. Concurrent transactions are controlled so that their committed outcome is equivalent to some serial, one-at-a-time execution order. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: D. Dirty read సమాధానం: D.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. Lost update సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: B. An exclusive lock generally prevents conflicting reads or writes according to the DBMS locking rules while the protected update is in progress. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: C. Deadlock సమాధానం: C.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: D. A transaction has a growing phase in which locks may be acquired and a shrinking phase in which locks are released; after releasing a lock, it does not acquire new ones. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: A. Validation Rule సమాధానం: A.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. Parameter query సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: B. Update query సమాధానం: B.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: D. Bound control సమాధానం: D.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. District Group Footer సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. Cache hit సమాధానం: A.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: B. Assign Employee1 appropriate NTFS read permissions while withholding write/modify permissions. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: D. Modify the definition of the "Case Heading" style. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. =$B6+E$1 సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: B. A hyperlink or Action assigned to the shape సమాధానం: B.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. Default gateway సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. (a)-2, (b)-4, (c)-1, (d)-3 సమాధానం: D.