Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which theorist is most closely associated with a behaviourist account of verbal learning?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• B.F. Skinner explained verbal behaviour through stimulus, response, reinforcement and habit formation.
• In a behaviourist account, successful responses are strengthened through reinforcement.
• Chomsky criticized behaviourism for failing to explain linguistic creativity.
• Krashen and Vygotsky are associated with other approaches to language acquisition.
• In a behaviourist account, successful responses are strengthened through reinforcement.
• Chomsky criticized behaviourism for failing to explain linguistic creativity.
• Krashen and Vygotsky are associated with other approaches to language acquisition.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In a behaviourist view of second language learning, persistent errors are most likely explained as:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Behaviourism treats language learning as the formation of habits through imitation, practice and reinforcement.
• Errors may result from unsuccessful habit formation or interference from first-language habits.
• This perspective encouraged drills and repetition in some teaching methods.
• Later theories argued that errors can also reflect active rule construction and developmental processes.
• Errors may result from unsuccessful habit formation or interference from first-language habits.
• This perspective encouraged drills and repetition in some teaching methods.
• Later theories argued that errors can also reflect active rule construction and developmental processes.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which claim is central to an innatist account of first language acquisition?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Innatist theories propose that human beings are biologically equipped for language acquisition.
• The language faculty constrains the kinds of grammatical systems children can acquire.
• Children produce and understand novel sentences, which cannot be explained by memorization alone.
• Environmental input remains necessary, but it interacts with an innate capacity.
• The language faculty constrains the kinds of grammatical systems children can acquire.
• Children produce and understand novel sentences, which cannot be explained by memorization alone.
• Environmental input remains necessary, but it interacts with an innate capacity.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which statement best reflects a cognitive theory of language acquisition?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cognitive approaches relate language development to broader processes such as memory, attention, categorization and conceptual growth.
• The child's developing understanding of objects, actions and relations supports linguistic development.
• Jean Piaget is especially associated with the view that cognitive development provides foundations for language.
• Cognitive theories do not reduce learning to repetition alone.
• The child's developing understanding of objects, actions and relations supports linguistic development.
• Jean Piaget is especially associated with the view that cognitive development provides foundations for language.
• Cognitive theories do not reduce learning to repetition alone.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Interactionist theories emphasize that language acquisition is promoted by:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Interactionist approaches emphasize communicative exchange, feedback and jointly constructed meaning.
• Interaction can make input more comprehensible and draw attention to linguistic form.
• Caregivers, teachers and peers may adjust their language to support understanding.
• Acquisition is therefore treated as both cognitive and socially mediated.
• Interaction can make input more comprehensible and draw attention to linguistic form.
• Caregivers, teachers and peers may adjust their language to support understanding.
• Acquisition is therefore treated as both cognitive and socially mediated.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
The critical-period hypothesis is most closely associated with which scholar?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Eric Lenneberg is strongly associated with the critical-period hypothesis for language acquisition.
• The hypothesis proposes a biologically favourable period during which language can develop most naturally and fully.
• Age effects are especially important in discussions of first-language deprivation and second-language attainment.
• Scholars continue to debate whether the relevant period is strictly critical or more generally sensitive.
• The hypothesis proposes a biologically favourable period during which language can develop most naturally and fully.
• Age effects are especially important in discussions of first-language deprivation and second-language attainment.
• Scholars continue to debate whether the relevant period is strictly critical or more generally sensitive.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which statement gives the most accurate interpretation of the critical-period hypothesis?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The hypothesis proposes that biological maturation affects language-learning capacity.
• Earlier exposure is often associated with more native-like pronunciation and implicit grammatical attainment.
• Adults can still learn additional languages successfully, especially with motivation, instruction and sustained exposure.
• The hypothesis therefore concerns age-related advantages and limits rather than absolute impossibility.
• Earlier exposure is often associated with more native-like pronunciation and implicit grammatical attainment.
• Adults can still learn additional languages successfully, especially with motivation, instruction and sustained exposure.
• The hypothesis therefore concerns age-related advantages and limits rather than absolute impossibility.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Who introduced the concept of interlanguage in second language acquisition?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Larry Selinker introduced the concept of interlanguage.
• Interlanguage is the learner's evolving linguistic system, which is neither identical with the first language nor with the target language.
• It contains systematic rules and changes as learning progresses.
• Learner errors can therefore reveal an organized developmental system rather than random failure.
• Interlanguage is the learner's evolving linguistic system, which is neither identical with the first language nor with the target language.
• It contains systematic rules and changes as learning progresses.
• Learner errors can therefore reveal an organized developmental system rather than random failure.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which description best defines interlanguage?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Interlanguage is an internally organized system constructed by a second-language learner.
• It develops through stages and may reflect transfer, developmental processes, learning strategies and input.
• Its forms can be systematic even when they differ from the target language.
• The concept shifted attention from error elimination to learner-language analysis.
• It develops through stages and may reflect transfer, developmental processes, learning strategies and input.
• Its forms can be systematic even when they differ from the target language.
• The concept shifted attention from error elimination to learner-language analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Positive transfer occurs when:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Positive transfer occurs when similarities between the first and second languages support successful learning or production.
• Familiar structures, sounds or vocabulary patterns may make a target feature easier to acquire.
• Negative transfer occurs when first-language influence contributes to a non-target form.
• Transfer can affect pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and discourse.
• Familiar structures, sounds or vocabulary patterns may make a target feature easier to acquire.
• Negative transfer occurs when first-language influence contributes to a non-target form.
• Transfer can affect pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and discourse.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Fossilization refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Fossilization is the long-term stabilization of non-target features in interlanguage.
• Such forms may persist despite exposure, instruction and communicative experience.
• Fossilization can affect particular features rather than the learner's entire language system.
• The concept is closely associated with Selinker's account of second language acquisition.
• Such forms may persist despite exposure, instruction and communicative experience.
• Fossilization can affect particular features rather than the learner's entire language system.
• The concept is closely associated with Selinker's account of second language acquisition.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
According to Krashen's acquisition-learning hypothesis, acquisition is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Krashen distinguishes subconscious acquisition from conscious learning.
• Acquisition develops through meaningful exposure and communication.
• Learning involves explicit knowledge about rules and forms.
• In Krashen's model, acquired knowledge is primarily responsible for spontaneous language production.
• Acquisition develops through meaningful exposure and communication.
• Learning involves explicit knowledge about rules and forms.
• In Krashen's model, acquired knowledge is primarily responsible for spontaneous language production.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
In Krashen's Monitor hypothesis, consciously learned knowledge is used mainly to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Monitor is the conscious use of learned grammatical knowledge to inspect or edit output.
• Effective monitoring requires sufficient time, attention to form and knowledge of the relevant rule.
• Krashen argues that learned knowledge does not directly become the primary source of spontaneous fluency.
• Excessive monitoring may reduce naturalness and speed.
• Effective monitoring requires sufficient time, attention to form and knowledge of the relevant rule.
• Krashen argues that learned knowledge does not directly become the primary source of spontaneous fluency.
• Excessive monitoring may reduce naturalness and speed.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Krashen's natural-order hypothesis proposes that:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The natural-order hypothesis proposes that certain language features are acquired in a relatively predictable sequence.
• The sequence is not necessarily identical with the order in which rules are taught.
• Individual variation remains possible, and the hypothesis concerns broad tendencies.
• It supports Krashen's distinction between acquisition and conscious learning.
• The sequence is not necessarily identical with the order in which rules are taught.
• Individual variation remains possible, and the hypothesis concerns broad tendencies.
• It supports Krashen's distinction between acquisition and conscious learning.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
In Krashen's Input hypothesis, the notation i + 1 refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The symbol i represents the learner's current stage of competence.
• The addition of 1 represents language that contains a manageable amount of new complexity.
• Context, background knowledge and communicative support help make such input comprehensible.
• Input that is entirely known may not promote development, while overwhelmingly difficult input may not be usable.
• The addition of 1 represents language that contains a manageable amount of new complexity.
• Context, background knowledge and communicative support help make such input comprehensible.
• Input that is entirely known may not promote development, while overwhelmingly difficult input may not be usable.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which factor would most likely raise the affective filter in Krashen's model?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• High anxiety, low confidence and weak motivation may raise the affective filter.
• A high filter is proposed to reduce the learner's ability to benefit from available input.
• Supportive conditions, motivation and confidence help lower the filter.
• The hypothesis emphasizes the importance of emotional factors in language acquisition.
• A high filter is proposed to reduce the learner's ability to benefit from available input.
• Supportive conditions, motivation and confidence help lower the filter.
• The hypothesis emphasizes the importance of emotional factors in language acquisition.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Michael Long's Interaction hypothesis emphasizes that acquisition is promoted when learners:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Long argues that interaction facilitates acquisition, especially through negotiation of meaning.
• Clarification requests, confirmation checks and comprehension checks can make input more accessible.
• Interaction may also draw attention to mismatches between learner forms and target-language forms.
• The hypothesis extends input-based accounts by explaining how conversational work supports learning.
• Clarification requests, confirmation checks and comprehension checks can make input more accessible.
• Interaction may also draw attention to mismatches between learner forms and target-language forms.
• The hypothesis extends input-based accounts by explaining how conversational work supports learning.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Merrill Swain's Output hypothesis proposes that producing language can help learners:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Swain argues that comprehensible output contributes to second-language development.
• Producing language can make learners notice gaps between what they want to say and what they can currently express.
• Output also allows hypothesis testing and encourages more precise syntactic and morphological processing.
• The Output hypothesis complements rather than eliminates the role of input.
• Producing language can make learners notice gaps between what they want to say and what they can currently express.
• Output also allows hypothesis testing and encourages more precise syntactic and morphological processing.
• The Output hypothesis complements rather than eliminates the role of input.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Sociocultural theory of language learning is most closely associated with:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Sociocultural theory draws primarily on the work of Lev Vygotsky.
• It treats learning as socially mediated through interaction, cultural tools and collaborative activity.
• Language serves both communicative and cognitive functions in development.
• Important related concepts include mediation, scaffolding and the zone of proximal development.
• It treats learning as socially mediated through interaction, cultural tools and collaborative activity.
• Language serves both communicative and cognitive functions in development.
• Important related concepts include mediation, scaffolding and the zone of proximal development.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Consider the following statements. Statement I: Negative transfer may produce target-language errors. Statement II: Positive transfer may facilitate acquisition when two languages share relevant features. Which option is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because a first-language pattern may lead to a non-target second-language form.
• Statement II is correct because structural or lexical similarities can support accurate learning and use.
• Transfer is therefore not always harmful and may have positive or negative effects.
• Hence, both statements are correct.
• Statement II is correct because structural or lexical similarities can support accurate learning and use.
• Transfer is therefore not always harmful and may have positive or negative effects.
• Hence, both statements are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which of the following statements about Krashen's hypotheses are correct? 1. Acquisition is distinguished from conscious learning. 2. The Monitor uses learned knowledge to edit output. 3. Comprehensible input should be slightly beyond the learner's present level. 4. A high affective filter necessarily improves acquisition.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because Krashen separates subconscious acquisition from conscious learning.
• Statement 2 is correct because learned knowledge functions as a Monitor.
• Statement 3 is correct because i + 1 represents comprehensible input beyond the current stage.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because a high affective filter is proposed to obstruct acquisition.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because learned knowledge functions as a Monitor.
• Statement 3 is correct because i + 1 represents comprehensible input beyond the current stage.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because a high affective filter is proposed to obstruct acquisition.
• Therefore, statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Assertion: Interaction can make input more useful for second-language acquisition. Reason: Negotiation of meaning may produce clarification, repetition and modified input.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because interaction can increase the accessibility and salience of linguistic input.
• The Reason is correct because conversational repair may generate clarification requests, repetitions and reformulations.
• These modifications help learners connect linguistic form with intended meaning.
• Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because conversational repair may generate clarification requests, repetitions and reformulations.
• These modifications help learners connect linguistic form with intended meaning.
• Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Match List I with List II. List I: 1. Interlanguage 2. Input hypothesis 3. Interaction hypothesis 4. Output hypothesis. List II: a. Negotiation of meaning supports acquisition b. A developing learner-language system c. Production promotes noticing and hypothesis testing d. Comprehensible language slightly beyond the current level.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Interlanguage matches b because it is the learner's evolving linguistic system.
• Input hypothesis matches d because it emphasizes comprehensible input represented as i + 1.
• Interaction hypothesis matches a because it stresses negotiation of meaning.
• Output hypothesis matches c because production encourages noticing and hypothesis testing.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c.
• Input hypothesis matches d because it emphasizes comprehensible input represented as i + 1.
• Interaction hypothesis matches a because it stresses negotiation of meaning.
• Output hypothesis matches c because production encourages noticing and hypothesis testing.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A learner repeatedly says He go yesterday despite knowing the past-tense rule during grammar exercises. Which analysis is most accurate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The form may be systematic within the learner's current interlanguage.
• Explicit rule knowledge does not always become immediately available during spontaneous communication.
• The error could result from developmental simplification, transfer or processing limitations.
• Persistence in one situation is not sufficient evidence of permanent fossilization.
• Explicit rule knowledge does not always become immediately available during spontaneous communication.
• The error could result from developmental simplification, transfer or processing limitations.
• Persistence in one situation is not sufficient evidence of permanent fossilization.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which option provides the most accurate integrated account of second language acquisition?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Contemporary second-language research draws on multiple perspectives rather than one exclusive mechanism.
• Input supplies linguistic data, interaction makes meaning negotiable and output promotes noticing and testing.
• Transfer, interlanguage, age, memory, motivation and affect also influence development.
• Sociocultural approaches further emphasize mediation, collaboration and participation in social activity.
• Input supplies linguistic data, interaction makes meaning negotiable and output promotes noticing and testing.
• Transfer, interlanguage, age, memory, motivation and affect also influence development.
• Sociocultural approaches further emphasize mediation, collaboration and participation in social activity.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. B.F. Skinner సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. Habits that have been incorrectly formed or transferred సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. Humans possess an innate capacity that constrains language acquisition సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: A. Language development interacts with general cognitive growth and conceptual development సమాధానం: A.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. Meaningful interaction between learners and more competent language users సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: C. Eric Lenneberg సమాధానం: C.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: D. Age may influence the ease and ultimate level of language attainment సమాధానం: D.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: A. Larry Selinker సమాధానం: A.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. A systematic and developing learner language with its own temporary rules సమాధానం: B.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: C. Knowledge of the first language facilitates learning or use of the second language సమాధానం: C.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. The stabilization of persistent non-target forms in a learner's interlanguage సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: A. A largely subconscious process resembling natural language development సమాధానం: A.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. Edit or check language output under suitable conditions సమాధానం: B.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. Some grammatical features tend to be acquired in a broadly predictable sequence సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. Comprehensible input slightly beyond the learner's current level సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. Severe anxiety during language use సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. Negotiate meaning during communicative interaction సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. Notice linguistic problems, test hypotheses and process language more precisely సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. Lev Vygotsky సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3 only సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: B. 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c సమాధానం: B.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. The form may reflect a developing interlanguage and incomplete control of tense in spontaneous performance సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. It involves interacting cognitive, linguistic, affective and social processes, including input, interaction, output and mediation సమాధానం: D.