Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which description best defines human language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Human language is a structured system whose units combine according to patterns.
• Its signs are largely arbitrary because there is usually no natural connection between a word and what it denotes.
• Language is shared by a speech community and is used for communication, thought and social interaction.
• The other options wrongly reduce language to fixed signals, writing or biological reflexes.
• Its signs are largely arbitrary because there is usually no natural connection between a word and what it denotes.
• Language is shared by a speech community and is used for communication, thought and social interaction.
• The other options wrongly reduce language to fixed signals, writing or biological reflexes.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
What does arbitrariness in language primarily mean?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Arbitrariness refers to the absence of an inherent bond between most linguistic forms and their meanings.
• The English word tree and words for the same object in other languages differ, showing that the connection is conventional.
• Arbitrariness does not mean that individual speakers may change meanings without community acceptance.
• Some words may show limited sound symbolism, but this does not cancel the general principle.
• The English word tree and words for the same object in other languages differ, showing that the connection is conventional.
• Arbitrariness does not mean that individual speakers may change meanings without community acceptance.
• Some words may show limited sound symbolism, but this does not cancel the general principle.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
The ability of speakers to produce and understand sentences they have never heard before is called:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Productivity is the capacity to create and interpret an unlimited number of novel utterances.
• It depends on the rule-governed combinability of a limited set of linguistic elements.
• Displacement concerns reference beyond the immediate situation, while duality concerns two levels of organization.
• Cultural transmission refers to the social acquisition of language.
• It depends on the rule-governed combinability of a limited set of linguistic elements.
• Displacement concerns reference beyond the immediate situation, while duality concerns two levels of organization.
• Cultural transmission refers to the social acquisition of language.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which feature of language enables people to discuss yesterday's meeting or a future journey?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Displacement allows language users to refer to entities, places and events not present in the immediate environment.
• It includes reference to the past, future, imaginary worlds and distant locations.
• Most animal signals are closely tied to the immediate context.
• The example therefore illustrates displacement rather than semanticity or interchangeability.
• It includes reference to the past, future, imaginary worlds and distant locations.
• Most animal signals are closely tied to the immediate context.
• The example therefore illustrates displacement rather than semanticity or interchangeability.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Duality of patterning means that language is organized:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• At the lower level, a language uses a limited number of sounds or phonemes that are not meaningful by themselves.
• At the higher level, these units combine to form meaningful morphemes and words.
• For example, separate sounds can be rearranged to create different words.
• This two-level organization greatly increases the expressive power of language.
• At the higher level, these units combine to form meaningful morphemes and words.
• For example, separate sounds can be rearranged to create different words.
• This two-level organization greatly increases the expressive power of language.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which statement best illustrates cultural transmission of language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cultural transmission means that a particular language is acquired through exposure and social interaction.
• A child can learn any language used consistently in the surrounding community.
• Humans may possess a biological capacity for language, but the specific language learned is culturally transmitted.
• Vocabulary and writing systems are therefore not inherited as fixed genetic content.
• A child can learn any language used consistently in the surrounding community.
• Humans may possess a biological capacity for language, but the specific language learned is culturally transmitted.
• Vocabulary and writing systems are therefore not inherited as fixed genetic content.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which property most clearly separates human language from communication systems with a small fixed repertoire of signals?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Productivity allows human beings to generate indefinitely many new messages.
• A fixed signal system is limited to a restricted set of meanings and situations.
• Auditory transmission and rapid fading can occur in both human and animal communication.
• Specialization alone does not account for the creative potential of human language.
• A fixed signal system is limited to a restricted set of meanings and situations.
• Auditory transmission and rapid fading can occur in both human and animal communication.
• Specialization alone does not account for the creative potential of human language.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which statement about speech and writing is most accurate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Human communities used speech long before the invention of writing systems.
• Children normally acquire speech naturally through interaction, whereas literacy requires explicit instruction.
• Writing represents language visually but is not identical with speech.
• Written language may influence spoken usage, yet speech remains historically and developmentally primary.
• Children normally acquire speech naturally through interaction, whereas literacy requires explicit instruction.
• Writing represents language visually but is not identical with speech.
• Written language may influence spoken usage, yet speech remains historically and developmentally primary.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
In Roman Jakobson's model, which function of language is dominant when a message mainly conveys information about the world?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The referential function focuses on the context or subject matter of communication.
• It is prominent in factual reports, descriptions and informative statements.
• The phatic function maintains contact, the poetic function foregrounds the message and the metalingual function discusses the code.
• A statement conveying information about the world is therefore primarily referential.
• It is prominent in factual reports, descriptions and informative statements.
• The phatic function maintains contact, the poetic function foregrounds the message and the metalingual function discusses the code.
• A statement conveying information about the world is therefore primarily referential.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which utterance primarily performs a conative function?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The conative function is directed toward the addressee and commonly appears in commands, requests and appeals.
• Please close the window attempts to influence the listener's action.
• The first option is mainly referential, the third is phatic and the fourth is metalingual.
• Imperatives and vocatives often foreground the conative function.
• Please close the window attempts to influence the listener's action.
• The first option is mainly referential, the third is phatic and the fourth is metalingual.
• Imperatives and vocatives often foreground the conative function.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
What is the primary aim of descriptive grammar?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Descriptive grammar examines the patterns that speakers actually use in real linguistic communities.
• It records variation across regions, social groups and contexts without automatically labelling one form as inferior.
• Its goal is analysis rather than enforcement of traditional norms.
• It therefore differs from prescriptive grammar, which recommends preferred forms.
• It records variation across regions, social groups and contexts without automatically labelling one form as inferior.
• Its goal is analysis rather than enforcement of traditional norms.
• It therefore differs from prescriptive grammar, which recommends preferred forms.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Prescriptive grammar is mainly concerned with:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Prescriptive grammar sets out preferred or standard forms of usage.
• It often labels certain constructions as correct or incorrect according to institutional or traditional norms.
• It is common in school grammar, style guides and formal editing.
• Descriptive grammar, by contrast, investigates actual usage without making such rules its primary purpose.
• It often labels certain constructions as correct or incorrect according to institutional or traditional norms.
• It is common in school grammar, style guides and formal editing.
• Descriptive grammar, by contrast, investigates actual usage without making such rules its primary purpose.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Consider the following statements. Statement I: Speech is acquired naturally by normally developing children in a speech community. Statement II: Writing usually requires deliberate instruction and depends on a conventional script. Which option is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because children typically acquire spoken language through exposure and interaction.
• Statement II is correct because literacy normally requires systematic learning of a writing system.
• Speech and writing are related but differ in acquisition, medium and historical development.
• Therefore, both statements are correct.
• Statement II is correct because literacy normally requires systematic learning of a writing system.
• Speech and writing are related but differ in acquisition, medium and historical development.
• Therefore, both statements are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which of the following statements about human language are correct? 1. It permits reference to absent objects and events. 2. It allows the creation of novel utterances. 3. It is always transmitted genetically as a specific language. 4. It is organized through meaningful and meaningless levels.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because displacement permits reference beyond the immediate setting.
• Statement 2 is correct because productivity enables novel utterances.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because a specific language is culturally transmitted, though humans have a biological capacity for language.
• Statement 4 is correct because duality organizes meaningless sound units into meaningful combinations.
• Hence, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because productivity enables novel utterances.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because a specific language is culturally transmitted, though humans have a biological capacity for language.
• Statement 4 is correct because duality organizes meaningless sound units into meaningful combinations.
• Hence, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Assertion: The relation between most words and their meanings is arbitrary. Reason: Every speaker can independently change the meaning of any word without community acceptance.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because most linguistic signs have no natural or necessary connection with their referents.
• The Reason is incorrect because arbitrariness does not permit individuals to alter meanings at will.
• Linguistic meanings depend on conventions shared by a speech community.
• Therefore, the Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.
• The Reason is incorrect because arbitrariness does not permit individuals to alter meanings at will.
• Linguistic meanings depend on conventions shared by a speech community.
• Therefore, the Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Match List I with List II. List I: 1. Arbitrariness 2. Productivity 3. Displacement 4. Duality. List II: a. Reference beyond the immediate context b. Two levels of linguistic organization c. No necessary natural bond between form and meaning d. Creation of novel utterances.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Arbitrariness matches c because linguistic form and meaning are generally linked by convention.
• Productivity matches d because speakers can create new utterances.
• Displacement matches a because language can refer beyond the immediate context.
• Duality matches b because meaningless units combine into meaningful structures.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b.
• Productivity matches d because speakers can create new utterances.
• Displacement matches a because language can refer beyond the immediate context.
• Duality matches b because meaningless units combine into meaningful structures.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
A child who has never heard the sentence My robot sings at midnight nevertheless forms it correctly. Which feature of language is most directly demonstrated?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The child combines familiar linguistic elements into a new, well-formed sentence.
• This ability to produce an utterance not previously memorized is productivity.
• Productivity reflects the generative and rule-governed nature of human language.
• The example does not concern social contact, normative grammar or the fading of sound signals.
• This ability to produce an utterance not previously memorized is productivity.
• Productivity reflects the generative and rule-governed nature of human language.
• The example does not concern social contact, normative grammar or the fading of sound signals.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
A bee dance can indicate the direction and distance of food, but the system does not freely generate messages about unlimited topics. What does this contrast mainly show?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Bee dances communicate significant information and therefore cannot be dismissed as meaningless.
• Their message range is specialized and limited compared with the open-ended productivity of human language.
• Human language can generate messages about indefinitely many real, imaginary and abstract topics.
• The contrast concerns productivity rather than the total absence of meaning in animal systems.
• Their message range is specialized and limited compared with the open-ended productivity of human language.
• Human language can generate messages about indefinitely many real, imaginary and abstract topics.
• The contrast concerns productivity rather than the total absence of meaning in animal systems.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which item is the odd one out with respect to the major design features of human language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Displacement, productivity and duality of patterning are widely discussed structural or design features of human language.
• Prescriptive correctness is a social judgement about preferred usage.
• It is not a defining design feature of language itself.
• A language can function fully even when its varieties differ from prescriptive norms.
• Prescriptive correctness is a social judgement about preferred usage.
• It is not a defining design feature of language itself.
• A language can function fully even when its varieties differ from prescriptive norms.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which of the following statements correctly compare human language and animal communication? 1. Human language is generally open-ended. 2. Many animal systems are closely tied to immediate stimuli. 3. All animal communication lacks meaning. 4. Human language permits extensive displacement.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because human language is productive and open-ended.
• Statement 2 is correct because many animal signals are stimulus-bound.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because animal signals can carry clear meanings such as danger, territory or food location.
• Statement 4 is correct because human language supports extensive reference to absent, past, future and imaginary situations.
• Therefore, 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because many animal signals are stimulus-bound.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because animal signals can carry clear meanings such as danger, territory or food location.
• Statement 4 is correct because human language supports extensive reference to absent, past, future and imaginary situations.
• Therefore, 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which expression primarily serves the phatic function of language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The phatic function establishes, maintains or checks social contact between participants.
• Nice weather, isn't it? may function mainly as conversational contact rather than as important meteorological information.
• The second option is referential, the third is conative and the fourth is metalingual.
• Greetings, small talk and channel checks commonly serve phatic purposes.
• Nice weather, isn't it? may function mainly as conversational contact rather than as important meteorological information.
• The second option is referential, the third is conative and the fourth is metalingual.
• Greetings, small talk and channel checks commonly serve phatic purposes.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which sentence foregrounds the metalingual function of language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The metalingual function operates when language is used to discuss or explain language itself.
• The sentence identifies the grammatical class of the word quickly.
• The first option is emotive, the third is conative and the fourth is phatic.
• Definitions of words and explanations of grammar are common metalingual uses.
• The sentence identifies the grammatical class of the word quickly.
• The first option is emotive, the third is conative and the fourth is phatic.
• Definitions of words and explanations of grammar are common metalingual uses.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which example most clearly foregrounds the poetic function of language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The poetic function draws attention to the form, pattern and organization of the message itself.
• Silver silence settles softly foregrounds sound patterning through alliteration.
• The first option is conative, the second is referential and the fourth is phatic.
• The poetic function can appear in ordinary language as well as in literary texts.
• Silver silence settles softly foregrounds sound patterning through alliteration.
• The first option is conative, the second is referential and the fourth is phatic.
• The poetic function can appear in ordinary language as well as in literary texts.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A linguist records that many speakers regularly use a construction condemned by a school handbook and analyses the conditions under which it occurs. This approach is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The linguist observes and analyses how speakers actually use the construction.
• This is the central method of descriptive grammar.
• The school handbook represents a prescriptive approach because it recommends or condemns forms.
• Description does not require approval of every form; it requires accurate analysis of usage.
• This is the central method of descriptive grammar.
• The school handbook represents a prescriptive approach because it recommends or condemns forms.
• Description does not require approval of every form; it requires accurate analysis of usage.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which option presents the most accurate integrated account of human language?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Human language is culturally transmitted because specific languages are learned through social interaction.
• It is productive because speakers can generate novel utterances.
• It is largely arbitrary because form and meaning are conventionally linked.
• It shows duality because meaningless units combine into meaningful forms, and displacement because it can refer beyond the immediate context.
• The other options incorrectly reduce language to instinct, writing or prescriptive rules.
• It is productive because speakers can generate novel utterances.
• It is largely arbitrary because form and meaning are conventionally linked.
• It shows duality because meaningless units combine into meaningful forms, and displacement because it can refer beyond the immediate context.
• The other options incorrectly reduce language to instinct, writing or prescriptive rules.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. A structured system of arbitrary symbols used by a community for communication సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: A. There is generally no necessary natural connection between a linguistic sign and its meaning సమాధానం: A.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. Productivity సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. Displacement సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. At one level into meaningless units and at another into meaningful combinations సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. A child learns the language used by the surrounding community through interaction సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Productivity సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Speech is historically primary, while writing is a later visual representation of language సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. Referential function సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Please close the window సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. To describe how speakers actually use a language సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. Recommending rules about how language ought to be used సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b సమాధానం: D.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. Productivity సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. Animal communication may be meaningful but usually lacks human-like productivity సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. Prescriptive correctness సమాధానం: C.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: D. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: D.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. Nice weather, isn't it? సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: B. The word quickly is an adverb సమాధానం: B.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: C. Silver silence settles softly సమాధానం: C.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: D. Descriptive because it studies actual patterns of use సమాధానం: D.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: A. It is a culturally transmitted, productive and largely arbitrary system with dual organization and extensive displacement సమాధానం: A.