Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
What is the name of the manuscript that preserves the sole surviving copy of Beowulf?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Beowulf survives in a single manuscript known as Cotton Vitellius A.xv.
• The manuscript is also commonly called the Nowell Codex after the antiquarian Laurence Nowell.
• The Exeter Book preserves several major Old English elegies, while the Vercelli Book and Junius Manuscript contain other religious and poetic works.
• The unique manuscript transmission of Beowulf makes textual damage and editorial reconstruction especially important.
• The manuscript is also commonly called the Nowell Codex after the antiquarian Laurence Nowell.
• The Exeter Book preserves several major Old English elegies, while the Vercelli Book and Junius Manuscript contain other religious and poetic works.
• The unique manuscript transmission of Beowulf makes textual damage and editorial reconstruction especially important.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
According to Bede, Caedmon received the gift of song while living at which religious community?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Bede relates Caedmon's story in Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
• Caedmon was associated with the monastery governed by Abbess Hilda at Whitby.
• In Bede's account, Caedmon miraculously gained the ability to compose sacred verse after a dream.
• Caedmon's Hymn is among the earliest recorded poems in Old English.
• Caedmon was associated with the monastery governed by Abbess Hilda at Whitby.
• In Bede's account, Caedmon miraculously gained the ability to compose sacred verse after a dream.
• Caedmon's Hymn is among the earliest recorded poems in Old English.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which feature most clearly distinguishes Cynewulf from most other named Old English poets?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cynewulf is notable for embedding the letters of his name as runes within several poems.
• These runic signatures appear in works such as Elene, Juliana, The Fates of the Apostles and Christ II.
• The signatures do not provide a complete biography, but they establish a rare form of authorial self-identification in Old English poetry.
• Most Old English poems are anonymous.
• These runic signatures appear in works such as Elene, Juliana, The Fates of the Apostles and Christ II.
• The signatures do not provide a complete biography, but they establish a rare form of authorial self-identification in Old English poetry.
• Most Old English poems are anonymous.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
The Wanderer is best classified as which type of Old English poem?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Wanderer is conventionally classified as an Old English elegy.
• It presents an exiled retainer mourning the loss of his lord, companions and former hall-life.
• Its meditations on transience, loneliness and earthly instability are central features of the elegiac mode.
• The poem also moves toward Christian consolation.
• It presents an exiled retainer mourning the loss of his lord, companions and former hall-life.
• Its meditations on transience, loneliness and earthly instability are central features of the elegiac mode.
• The poem also moves toward Christian consolation.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which description best captures the central movement of The Seafarer?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Seafarer begins with the physical suffering, isolation and danger of life at sea.
• It gradually develops into a meditation on spiritual exile, the instability of worldly glory and the soul's journey toward God.
• This movement from lived hardship to religious reflection is a defining feature of the poem.
• The poem combines vivid sensory experience with Christian moral instruction.
• It gradually develops into a meditation on spiritual exile, the instability of worldly glory and the soul's journey toward God.
• This movement from lived hardship to religious reflection is a defining feature of the poem.
• The poem combines vivid sensory experience with Christian moral instruction.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
In Anglo-Saxon heroic culture, what does comitatus primarily describe?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Comitatus refers to the reciprocal relationship between a warrior-lord and his retainers.
• The lord rewards loyalty with treasure, protection and status, while the retainers owe military service and fidelity.
• This code is central to the social world of Beowulf and to the grief expressed in poems such as The Wanderer.
• Failure of loyalty in battle is treated as a serious moral and social disgrace.
• The lord rewards loyalty with treasure, protection and status, while the retainers owe military service and fidelity.
• This code is central to the social world of Beowulf and to the grief expressed in poems such as The Wanderer.
• Failure of loyalty in battle is treated as a serious moral and social disgrace.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which of the following is a kenning?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A kenning is a compact metaphorical compound or phrase used in Old English and Old Norse poetry.
• Whale-road refers to the sea and is a famous example of this poetic device.
• Kennings compress imagery and cultural knowledge into memorable verbal formulas.
• The other options are ordinary descriptive phrases rather than metaphorical substitutions.
• Whale-road refers to the sea and is a famous example of this poetic device.
• Kennings compress imagery and cultural knowledge into memorable verbal formulas.
• The other options are ordinary descriptive phrases rather than metaphorical substitutions.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
What is a caesura in Old English verse?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A caesura is the strong medial pause that divides an Old English poetic line into two half-lines.
• Each half-line normally contains stressed syllables, and alliteration links the two halves.
• The caesura supports oral delivery by creating rhythmic and syntactic balance.
• End rhyme is not the main organizing principle of traditional Old English verse.
• Each half-line normally contains stressed syllables, and alliteration links the two halves.
• The caesura supports oral delivery by creating rhythmic and syntactic balance.
• End rhyme is not the main organizing principle of traditional Old English verse.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
What is the principal structural function of alliteration in traditional Old English poetry?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Old English verse is organized primarily through stress and alliteration rather than through end rhyme.
• The first stressed syllable of the second half-line usually determines the governing alliterative sound.
• One or both stressed syllables in the first half-line commonly share that sound.
• This pattern helps unify the line and supports memorization and oral performance.
• The first stressed syllable of the second half-line usually determines the governing alliterative sound.
• One or both stressed syllables in the first half-line commonly share that sound.
• This pattern helps unify the line and supports memorization and oral performance.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Consider the following statements about Beowulf.
Statement I: The poem preserves heroic values associated with pre-Christian Germanic society.
Statement II: The surviving poem also contains an explicitly Christian interpretive framework.
Statement I: The poem preserves heroic values associated with pre-Christian Germanic society.
Statement II: The surviving poem also contains an explicitly Christian interpretive framework.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because Beowulf emphasizes warrior loyalty, vengeance, gift-giving, fame and the comitatus bond.
• Statement II is also correct because the narrator refers to God, Cain, divine judgement and providence.
• The poem therefore combines inherited heroic material with Christian moral interpretation.
• Option A is correct because both statements accurately describe the poem's cultural layering.
• Statement II is also correct because the narrator refers to God, Cain, divine judgement and providence.
• The poem therefore combines inherited heroic material with Christian moral interpretation.
• Option A is correct because both statements accurately describe the poem's cultural layering.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Which of the following statements about Beowulf are correct?
1. Beowulf fights Grendel without using a sword.
2. Grendel's mother is defeated in her underwater dwelling.
3. The dragon episode occurs after Beowulf has become king.
4. Wiglaf remains loyal to Beowulf during the final combat.
1. Beowulf fights Grendel without using a sword.
2. Grendel's mother is defeated in her underwater dwelling.
3. The dragon episode occurs after Beowulf has become king.
4. Wiglaf remains loyal to Beowulf during the final combat.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because Beowulf chooses to fight Grendel with his bare hands.
• Statement 2 is correct because Beowulf pursues Grendel's mother into her underwater mere.
• Statement 3 is correct because the dragon fight takes place after Beowulf has ruled the Geats for many years.
• Statement 4 is correct because Wiglaf alone among the retainers stands by Beowulf in the final battle.
• Therefore, all four statements are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because Beowulf pursues Grendel's mother into her underwater mere.
• Statement 3 is correct because the dragon fight takes place after Beowulf has ruled the Geats for many years.
• Statement 4 is correct because Wiglaf alone among the retainers stands by Beowulf in the final battle.
• Therefore, all four statements are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Assertion: Formulaic diction is prominent in Old English poetry.
Reason: Recurrent phrases and conventional patterns aided composition and performance in an oral-traditional culture.
Reason: Recurrent phrases and conventional patterns aided composition and performance in an oral-traditional culture.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because Old English poetry frequently uses recurring epithets, compounds and conventional expressions.
• The Reason is correct because such formulas helped poets compose, remember and perform verse orally.
• The Reason directly explains why formulaic diction became an important stylistic feature.
• Therefore, option A correctly states both the truth of the two propositions and their logical relationship.
• The Reason is correct because such formulas helped poets compose, remember and perform verse orally.
• The Reason directly explains why formulaic diction became an important stylistic feature.
• Therefore, option A correctly states both the truth of the two propositions and their logical relationship.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Match List I with List II.
List I
1. Caedmon
2. Cynewulf
3. The Wanderer
4. The Seafarer
List II
i. Runic authorial signature
ii. Exiled retainer mourning a lost lord
iii. Miraculous gift of sacred song
iv. Sea voyage as spiritual meditation
List I
1. Caedmon
2. Cynewulf
3. The Wanderer
4. The Seafarer
List II
i. Runic authorial signature
ii. Exiled retainer mourning a lost lord
iii. Miraculous gift of sacred song
iv. Sea voyage as spiritual meditation
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Caedmon matches iii because Bede describes his miraculous acquisition of sacred poetic ability.
• Cynewulf matches i because he signs several poems through runic letters.
• The Wanderer matches ii because its speaker laments exile and the loss of his lord and companions.
• The Seafarer matches iv because the sea journey develops into a meditation on spiritual pilgrimage.
• Thus, the correct code is 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv.
• Cynewulf matches i because he signs several poems through runic letters.
• The Wanderer matches ii because its speaker laments exile and the loss of his lord and companions.
• The Seafarer matches iv because the sea journey develops into a meditation on spiritual pilgrimage.
• Thus, the correct code is 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which sequence gives the correct order of Beowulf's three major combats?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Beowulf first fights Grendel in Heorot and tears off the monster's arm.
• He next descends into the mere and defeats Grendel's mother.
• Many years later, as king of the Geats, he fights the dragon.
• The correct sequence is therefore Grendel, Grendel's mother and dragon.
• He next descends into the mere and defeats Grendel's mother.
• Many years later, as king of the Geats, he fights the dragon.
• The correct sequence is therefore Grendel, Grendel's mother and dragon.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Caedmon is not associated with runic signatures; that feature belongs to Cynewulf.
• Beowulf is the major surviving Old English heroic poem.
• The Wanderer is conventionally treated as an elegy.
• The Seafarer combines maritime suffering with religious and moral meditation.
• Therefore, the pair Caedmon — runic signatures is incorrect.
• Beowulf is the major surviving Old English heroic poem.
• The Wanderer is conventionally treated as an elegy.
• The Seafarer combines maritime suffering with religious and moral meditation.
• Therefore, the pair Caedmon — runic signatures is incorrect.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
What was the primary role of a scop in Anglo-Saxon society?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A scop was a poet-performer who preserved and presented stories, genealogies and heroic traditions.
• The scop's art was closely connected with oral performance in the mead hall.
• Poetry could preserve communal memory, praise rulers and reinforce social values.
• Although written manuscripts later preserved poems, the scop's defining role was performative and compositional.
• The scop's art was closely connected with oral performance in the mead hall.
• Poetry could preserve communal memory, praise rulers and reinforce social values.
• Although written manuscripts later preserved poems, the scop's defining role was performative and compositional.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which term best describes a recurrent expression such as a conventional epithet or repeated phrase used in oral verse composition?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A formula is a recurrent verbal pattern suited to a particular metrical or narrative context.
• Formulaic language assists oral composition by providing memorable and adaptable units of expression.
• Enjambment concerns syntax running beyond a line ending, while conceit and alexandrine belong to different poetic traditions.
• Formulaic diction is a major feature of oral-traditional poetry.
• Formulaic language assists oral composition by providing memorable and adaptable units of expression.
• Enjambment concerns syntax running beyond a line ending, while conceit and alexandrine belong to different poetic traditions.
• Formulaic diction is a major feature of oral-traditional poetry.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which element in Beowulf most clearly reflects a Christian interpretive framework?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Grendel's descent from Cain places the monster within a biblical genealogy of sin and exile.
• This is one of the clearest signs of Christian interpretation in the poem.
• Gift-giving, fame-seeking and vengeance belong primarily to the Germanic heroic code.
• The poem's distinctive complexity lies in its fusion of heroic traditions with Christian moral commentary.
• This is one of the clearest signs of Christian interpretation in the poem.
• Gift-giving, fame-seeking and vengeance belong primarily to the Germanic heroic code.
• The poem's distinctive complexity lies in its fusion of heroic traditions with Christian moral commentary.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which feature of Beowulf most strongly reflects the pre-Christian heroic code?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The pursuit of fame through brave action is central to the Germanic heroic ethos.
• A warrior seeks to preserve his name through deeds remembered by later generations.
• References to Cain, divine grace and moral condemnation belong more directly to Christian interpretation.
• Beowulf frequently places heroic aspiration beside Christian warnings about pride and mortality.
• A warrior seeks to preserve his name through deeds remembered by later generations.
• References to Cain, divine grace and moral condemnation belong more directly to Christian interpretation.
• Beowulf frequently places heroic aspiration beside Christian warnings about pride and mortality.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
The repeated question about where former joys, warriors and halls have gone in The Wanderer is an example of which motif?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Ubi sunt is a motif of asking where vanished people, pleasures or glories have gone.
• In The Wanderer, it expresses grief over lost rulers, companions, feasting and hall-life.
• The motif deepens the poem's meditation on transience and the instability of earthly existence.
• Carpe diem urges enjoyment of the present, while locus amoenus and pathetic fallacy describe different literary conventions.
• In The Wanderer, it expresses grief over lost rulers, companions, feasting and hall-life.
• The motif deepens the poem's meditation on transience and the instability of earthly existence.
• Carpe diem urges enjoyment of the present, while locus amoenus and pathetic fallacy describe different literary conventions.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Which statement best distinguishes The Wanderer from Beowulf?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Wanderer focuses on the inward experience of an isolated retainer who has lost his lord and community.
• Beowulf is organized around public deeds, combat, kingship and communal memory.
• Both poems use Old English alliterative verse and contain complex relations between heroic and Christian values.
• The contrast is therefore chiefly one of elegiac isolation versus heroic action.
• Beowulf is organized around public deeds, combat, kingship and communal memory.
• Both poems use Old English alliterative verse and contain complex relations between heroic and Christian values.
• The contrast is therefore chiefly one of elegiac isolation versus heroic action.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Consider the following statements.
Statement I: Cynewulf's signed poems are all preserved in a single manuscript.
Statement II: Caedmon's Hymn survives in more than one manuscript version.
Statement I: Cynewulf's signed poems are all preserved in a single manuscript.
Statement II: Caedmon's Hymn survives in more than one manuscript version.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is incorrect because Cynewulf's signed poems are preserved across more than one manuscript, including the Exeter Book and the Vercelli Book.
• Statement II is correct because Caedmon's Hymn survives in several manuscripts and dialectal forms connected with copies of Bede's history.
• The manuscript transmission of the hymn is therefore multiple rather than singular.
• Option D is correct because the first statement is false and the second is true.
• Statement II is correct because Caedmon's Hymn survives in several manuscripts and dialectal forms connected with copies of Bede's history.
• The manuscript transmission of the hymn is therefore multiple rather than singular.
• Option D is correct because the first statement is false and the second is true.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Match the poetic term in List I with its description in List II.
List I
1. Kenning
2. Caesura
3. Alliteration
4. Comitatus
List II
i. Repetition of initial sounds on stressed syllables
ii. Reciprocal loyalty between lord and retainers
iii. Metaphorical compound expression
iv. Medial pause within a verse line
List I
1. Kenning
2. Caesura
3. Alliteration
4. Comitatus
List II
i. Repetition of initial sounds on stressed syllables
ii. Reciprocal loyalty between lord and retainers
iii. Metaphorical compound expression
iv. Medial pause within a verse line
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Kenning matches iii because it is a metaphorical compound such as whale-road.
• Caesura matches iv because it is the medial pause dividing the line into half-lines.
• Alliteration matches i because it repeats initial sounds on stressed syllables.
• Comitatus matches ii because it names the bond of reciprocal loyalty between a lord and his retainers.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii.
• Caesura matches iv because it is the medial pause dividing the line into half-lines.
• Alliteration matches i because it repeats initial sounds on stressed syllables.
• Comitatus matches ii because it names the bond of reciprocal loyalty between a lord and his retainers.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Which comparative statement about The Wanderer and The Seafarer is most accurate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Both poems present speakers separated from ordinary communal security.
• The Wanderer develops exile and loss into reflection on the instability of worldly life.
• The Seafarer transforms maritime hardship into meditation on spiritual pilgrimage and heavenly permanence.
• Their shared movement from physical isolation to moral or religious reflection makes option D the most accurate.
• The Wanderer develops exile and loss into reflection on the instability of worldly life.
• The Seafarer transforms maritime hardship into meditation on spiritual pilgrimage and heavenly permanence.
• Their shared movement from physical isolation to moral or religious reflection makes option D the most accurate.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which combination most accurately describes traditional Anglo-Saxon poetic style?
1. Stress-based rhythm
2. Systematic end rhyme as the main organizing principle
3. Alliteration linking half-lines
4. Frequent use of compounds and formulas
1. Stress-based rhythm
2. Systematic end rhyme as the main organizing principle
3. Alliteration linking half-lines
4. Frequent use of compounds and formulas
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because Old English metre is based on patterns of stressed syllables.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because systematic end rhyme is not the main organizing principle of traditional Anglo-Saxon verse.
• Statement 3 is correct because alliteration links the two half-lines across the caesura.
• Statement 4 is correct because compounds, kennings and formulaic diction are characteristic features.
• Therefore, the correct combination is 1, 3 and 4 only.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because systematic end rhyme is not the main organizing principle of traditional Anglo-Saxon verse.
• Statement 3 is correct because alliteration links the two half-lines across the caesura.
• Statement 4 is correct because compounds, kennings and formulaic diction are characteristic features.
• Therefore, the correct combination is 1, 3 and 4 only.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: D. Cotton Vitellius A.xv సమాధానం: D.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: A. Whitby Abbey సమాధానం: A.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: B. He inserted his name in runic signatures సమాధానం: B.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: C. An elegy సమాధానం: C.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. From sea hardship to spiritual reflection సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. The bond of loyalty between a lord and his retainers సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: B. Whale-road సమాధానం: B.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. A pause dividing a poetic line into two half-lines సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. It links the stressed syllables across the two half-lines సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: B. 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv సమాధానం: B.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: D. Grendel, Grendel's mother, dragon సమాధానం: D.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. Caedmon — runic signatures సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: C. To compose and perform poetry for a community సమాధానం: C.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. Formula సమాధానం: A.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. The description of Grendel as a descendant of Cain సమాధానం: B.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. The pursuit of lasting fame through courageous deeds సమాధానం: C.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. Ubi sunt సమాధానం: C.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: A. The Wanderer centres on solitary exile and loss, whereas Beowulf centres on public heroic action సమాధానం: A.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct సమాధానం: D.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: C. 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii సమాధానం: C.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: D. Both transform experiences of isolation into reflections on transience and spiritual stability సమాధానం: D.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: A. 1, 3 and 4 only సమాధానం: A.