Please keep at least one language enabled. / కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement best defines research ethics?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Research ethics consists of principles that guide responsible conduct in planning, data collection, analysis and publication.
• It includes honesty, transparency, respect for participants, proper attribution and responsible data management.
• Ethical responsibility applies to literary, linguistic, archival, qualitative and quantitative research.
• Research ethics is broader than formatting rules or statistical procedures.
• It includes honesty, transparency, respect for participants, proper attribution and responsible data management.
• Ethical responsibility applies to literary, linguistic, archival, qualitative and quantitative research.
• Research ethics is broader than formatting rules or statistical procedures.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Plagiarism occurs when a researcher:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Plagiarism is the presentation of another person's words, ideas, structure, data or creative work without proper acknowledgement.
• It may involve direct copying, inadequate paraphrasing or uncredited appropriation of an argument.
• Plagiarism can occur intentionally or through careless documentation.
• Correct quotation, paraphrase and citation are essential to academic integrity.
• It may involve direct copying, inadequate paraphrasing or uncredited appropriation of an argument.
• Plagiarism can occur intentionally or through careless documentation.
• Correct quotation, paraphrase and citation are essential to academic integrity.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Self-plagiarism is best described as:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Self-plagiarism involves presenting previously disseminated material as if it were entirely new.
• It may include recycling substantial text, data or findings without disclosure.
• Authors should cite earlier work and explain the extent of reuse when relevant.
• Transparent revision and acknowledged republication are different from concealed duplication.
• It may include recycling substantial text, data or findings without disclosure.
• Authors should cite earlier work and explain the extent of reuse when relevant.
• Transparent revision and acknowledged republication are different from concealed duplication.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Fabrication in research means:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Fabrication is the creation of false data, evidence, sources or results.
• Examples include inventing interview responses, archival documents or experimental observations.
• Fabricated evidence makes research claims unverifiable and deceptive.
• It is a serious violation of academic and professional integrity.
• Examples include inventing interview responses, archival documents or experimental observations.
• Fabricated evidence makes research claims unverifiable and deceptive.
• It is a serious violation of academic and professional integrity.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which situation is the clearest example of falsification?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Falsification involves manipulating research materials, procedures or data so that the record becomes misleading.
• Selective deletion of inconvenient observations is a common example.
• A hypothesis may legitimately be rejected when evidence does not support it.
• Honest correction of an error is responsible practice rather than falsification.
• Selective deletion of inconvenient observations is a common example.
• A hypothesis may legitimately be rejected when evidence does not support it.
• Honest correction of an error is responsible practice rather than falsification.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Duplicate publication occurs when:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Duplicate publication presents substantially the same content in more than one publication without disclosure.
• It can distort the scholarly record and create a false impression of productivity or independent evidence.
• Legitimate republication requires permission, acknowledgement and compliance with publisher policies.
• A significantly expanded work should disclose its relationship to the earlier version.
• It can distort the scholarly record and create a false impression of productivity or independent evidence.
• Legitimate republication requires permission, acknowledgement and compliance with publisher policies.
• A significantly expanded work should disclose its relationship to the earlier version.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which person most appropriately qualifies for authorship of a research article?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Authorship should reflect a substantial intellectual contribution to the conception, design, analysis or writing of the study.
• Authors should approve the final work and accept responsibility for its integrity.
• Administrative status, friendship or minor proofreading does not normally justify authorship.
• Contributions that do not meet authorship criteria may be recognised in acknowledgements.
• Authors should approve the final work and accept responsibility for its integrity.
• Administrative status, friendship or minor proofreading does not normally justify authorship.
• Contributions that do not meet authorship criteria may be recognised in acknowledgements.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
The acknowledgement section of a research work is most appropriately used to:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Acknowledgements recognise contributions such as technical help, administrative support, funding or limited editorial assistance.
• Individuals should not be listed without permission when acknowledgement may reveal involvement.
• Acknowledgement does not replace citation of intellectual sources.
• Authorship and acknowledgement represent different levels of contribution and responsibility.
• Individuals should not be listed without permission when acknowledgement may reveal involvement.
• Acknowledgement does not replace citation of intellectual sources.
• Authorship and acknowledgement represent different levels of contribution and responsibility.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Informed consent requires that research participants:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Informed consent requires clear information about purpose, procedures, risks, benefits and data use.
• Participation should be voluntary and free from inappropriate pressure.
• Participants should have an opportunity to ask questions before agreeing.
• Researchers should not promise complete absence of risk when such a promise cannot be justified.
• Participation should be voluntary and free from inappropriate pressure.
• Participants should have an opportunity to ask questions before agreeing.
• Researchers should not promise complete absence of risk when such a promise cannot be justified.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Confidentiality in research primarily means:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Confidentiality concerns the responsible protection of information entrusted to the researcher.
• Identifiable data should be stored securely and accessed only by authorised persons.
• Pseudonyms, restricted access and careful quotation may reduce disclosure risks.
• Confidentiality differs from anonymity, in which identity may not be known or recorded.
• Identifiable data should be stored securely and accessed only by authorised persons.
• Pseudonyms, restricted access and careful quotation may reduce disclosure risks.
• Confidentiality differs from anonymity, in which identity may not be known or recorded.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Copyright primarily protects:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Copyright generally protects original expression fixed in a tangible medium.
• Literary texts, articles, films, photographs and other creative works may receive protection.
• Copyright does not ordinarily protect abstract ideas, methods or general facts themselves.
• Legal protection and academic citation are related but distinct obligations.
• Literary texts, articles, films, photographs and other creative works may receive protection.
• Copyright does not ordinarily protect abstract ideas, methods or general facts themselves.
• Legal protection and academic citation are related but distinct obligations.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Fair use or a comparable copyright exception is best understood as:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Fair use is a context-dependent legal doctrine rather than an automatic educational exemption.
• Relevant considerations may include purpose, nature, amount used and effect on the potential market.
• The permitted extent varies according to jurisdiction and circumstances.
• Academic citation does not by itself make an otherwise infringing use legally permissible.
• Relevant considerations may include purpose, nature, amount used and effect on the potential market.
• The permitted extent varies according to jurisdiction and circumstances.
• Academic citation does not by itself make an otherwise infringing use legally permissible.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Intellectual property refers broadly to:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Intellectual property includes legal rights related to creative, literary, technological and commercial creations.
• Copyright, patents, trademarks and related protections are major categories.
• Ownership of a physical copy does not necessarily include ownership of copyright.
• Public-domain works may generally be used, although accurate scholarly attribution may still be required.
• Copyright, patents, trademarks and related protections are major categories.
• Ownership of a physical copy does not necessarily include ownership of copyright.
• Public-domain works may generally be used, although accurate scholarly attribution may still be required.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Academic integrity is best demonstrated by:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Academic integrity requires honesty, fairness, responsibility and respect for intellectual contributions.
• Researchers should report methods and findings accurately, including limitations and contrary evidence.
• Errors should be corrected transparently when discovered.
• Selective reporting and honorary authorship undermine the reliability of the scholarly record.
• Researchers should report methods and findings accurately, including limitations and contrary evidence.
• Errors should be corrected transparently when discovered.
• Selective reporting and honorary authorship undermine the reliability of the scholarly record.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Statement I: A paraphrase does not require citation when none of the source's exact words are used.
Statement II: A paraphrase must acknowledge the source because the underlying idea is borrowed.
Statement II: A paraphrase must acknowledge the source because the underlying idea is borrowed.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is incorrect because changing the wording does not make another person's idea the researcher's own.
• Statement II is correct because paraphrases must identify the source of the borrowed argument or information.
• A proper paraphrase uses genuinely independent wording and sentence structure.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
• Statement II is correct because paraphrases must identify the source of the borrowed argument or information.
• A proper paraphrase uses genuinely independent wording and sentence structure.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Assertion: Researchers should disclose relevant conflicts of interest.
Reason: Financial, professional or personal interests may influence research decisions or their perceived credibility.
Reason: Financial, professional or personal interests may influence research decisions or their perceived credibility.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because transparency about competing interests allows informed evaluation of the research.
• The Reason is correct because such interests may affect design, analysis, reporting or public perception.
• Disclosure does not automatically prove that the research is biased.
• The Reason directly explains why relevant conflicts should be declared.
• The Reason is correct because such interests may affect design, analysis, reporting or public perception.
• Disclosure does not automatically prove that the research is biased.
• The Reason directly explains why relevant conflicts should be declared.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Match List I with List II.
List I
1. Fabrication
2. Falsification
3. Self-plagiarism
4. Confidentiality
List II
A. Protection of identifiable participant information
B. Inventing research evidence
C. Manipulating or omitting evidence deceptively
D. Undisclosed reuse of one's earlier work
List I
1. Fabrication
2. Falsification
3. Self-plagiarism
4. Confidentiality
List II
A. Protection of identifiable participant information
B. Inventing research evidence
C. Manipulating or omitting evidence deceptively
D. Undisclosed reuse of one's earlier work
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Fabrication matches B because it involves inventing evidence or results.
• Falsification matches C because it involves deceptive manipulation or omission of evidence.
• Self-plagiarism matches D because it is the undisclosed reuse of earlier work.
• Confidentiality matches A because it requires protection of identifiable participant information.
• Falsification matches C because it involves deceptive manipulation or omission of evidence.
• Self-plagiarism matches D because it is the undisclosed reuse of earlier work.
• Confidentiality matches A because it requires protection of identifiable participant information.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Consider the following statements:
1. Authorship should reflect substantial intellectual contribution.
2. Participants should normally be informed about relevant risks.
3. Citation automatically supplies legal permission to reproduce any amount of copyrighted material.
4. Research data should be managed securely.
Which statements are correct?
1. Authorship should reflect substantial intellectual contribution.
2. Participants should normally be informed about relevant risks.
3. Citation automatically supplies legal permission to reproduce any amount of copyrighted material.
4. Research data should be managed securely.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because authorship entails contribution and responsibility.
• Statement 2 is correct because informed consent requires disclosure of relevant foreseeable risks.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because citation and copyright permission are separate matters.
• Statement 4 is correct; therefore, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
• Statement 2 is correct because informed consent requires disclosure of relevant foreseeable risks.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because citation and copyright permission are separate matters.
• Statement 4 is correct; therefore, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
A senior professor demands authorship despite making no contribution to a research article. This practice is best described as:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Honorary or gift authorship assigns authorship to someone who did not make a qualifying contribution.
• Academic rank or supervisory position alone does not justify authorship.
• Such practices misrepresent responsibility and contribution.
• Genuine institutional or administrative support may instead be acknowledged appropriately.
• Academic rank or supervisory position alone does not justify authorship.
• Such practices misrepresent responsibility and contribution.
• Genuine institutional or administrative support may instead be acknowledged appropriately.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which practice best protects confidential digital research data?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Secure data management may include encryption, restricted access, strong authentication and controlled backups.
• Identifiers should be removed or separated when they are not required for analysis.
• Retention and destruction should follow the consent agreement and applicable policies.
• Public storage and unnecessary retention increase the risk of confidentiality breaches.
• Identifiers should be removed or separated when they are not required for analysis.
• Retention and destruction should follow the consent agreement and applicable policies.
• Public storage and unnecessary retention increase the risk of confidentiality breaches.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A researcher changes a few words in a source sentence but preserves its structure and provides no citation. This is:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Patchwriting makes superficial changes while retaining too much of the source's wording or structure.
• Without citation, it also misrepresents the borrowed material as original.
• Proper paraphrasing requires independent expression as well as acknowledgement.
• Quotation marks should be used when distinctive wording is reproduced directly.
• Without citation, it also misrepresents the borrowed material as original.
• Proper paraphrasing requires independent expression as well as acknowledgement.
• Quotation marks should be used when distinctive wording is reproduced directly.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
A researcher wishes to reproduce a copyrighted photograph in a published article. What is the most responsible initial approach?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Online availability does not automatically make a photograph free of copyright restrictions.
• The researcher should identify the rights holder and the licence or legal status of the work.
• A relevant legal exception may apply in some circumstances, but it must be assessed carefully.
• Attribution is academically necessary but may not substitute for copyright permission.
• The researcher should identify the rights holder and the licence or legal status of the work.
• A relevant legal exception may apply in some circumstances, but it must be assessed carefully.
• Attribution is academically necessary but may not substitute for copyright permission.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which statement about a participant's withdrawal from research is most appropriate?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Voluntary participation generally includes a right to withdraw without inappropriate penalty.
• Consent information should explain how and until when withdrawal can occur.
• Removal of already anonymised or aggregated data may become impossible, and such limits should be stated beforehand.
• Researchers should not pressure participants to remain in a study.
• Consent information should explain how and until when withdrawal can occur.
• Removal of already anonymised or aggregated data may become impossible, and such limits should be stated beforehand.
• Researchers should not pressure participants to remain in a study.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A researcher receives funding from a company whose product is being evaluated. What is the most ethical course of action?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Funding relationships may create actual or perceived conflicts of interest.
• Disclosure allows readers and reviewers to evaluate the study with appropriate context.
• Agreements should preserve methodological independence and the right to report findings honestly.
• Concealment and sponsor control over results violate academic integrity.
• Disclosure allows readers and reviewers to evaluate the study with appropriate context.
• Agreements should preserve methodological independence and the right to report findings honestly.
• Concealment and sponsor control over results violate academic integrity.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which combination represents the strongest ethical research practice?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Ethical research acknowledges intellectual contributions and documents sources accurately.
• Participants should be treated through informed consent, confidentiality and responsible data management.
• Findings, limitations, funding and competing interests should be reported honestly.
• Fabrication, concealed duplication and unauthorised disclosure undermine academic integrity.
• Participants should be treated through informed consent, confidentiality and responsible data management.
• Findings, limitations, funding and competing interests should be reported honestly.
• Fabrication, concealed duplication and unauthorised disclosure undermine academic integrity.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. Principles governing responsible, honest and respectful conduct throughout research సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. Uses another person's words or ideas without appropriate acknowledgement సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. Reusing substantial portions of one's previous work without disclosure or proper citation సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. Inventing data, sources, quotations or results that never existed సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. Changing or omitting data so that the results appear to support a preferred conclusion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. Substantially the same work is published more than once without proper disclosure సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. A researcher who made a substantial intellectual contribution and accepts responsibility for the work సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Recognise assistance or support that does not justify authorship సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. Receive understandable information and voluntarily agree to participate సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Protecting identifiable information from unauthorised disclosure సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. Original expression fixed in a tangible form సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. A context-dependent allowance for limited use assessed through relevant legal factors సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Legal rights associated with creations of the mind సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. Presenting work honestly, documenting sources and accepting responsibility for errors సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. Honorary or gift authorship సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Using secure storage, access controls and appropriate de-identification సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. Patchwriting and plagiarism సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. Determine the rights status, assess any applicable exception and obtain permission when required. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Participants should be informed about their right to withdraw and any agreed limits on removing data. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. Disclose the funding relationship and protect the independence of the research process సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: B. Accurate attribution, informed consent, secure data management, honest reporting and transparent disclosure సమాధానం: B.