Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement best defines a questionnaire?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A questionnaire is a structured instrument containing written questions presented to respondents.
• It may include closed-ended, open-ended or mixed question formats.
• Questionnaires are widely used in surveys because they permit standardised data collection.
• A questionnaire is not a sampling frame, statistical test or private field diary.
• It may include closed-ended, open-ended or mixed question formats.
• Questionnaires are widely used in surveys because they permit standardised data collection.
• A questionnaire is not a sampling frame, statistical test or private field diary.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which interview type uses predetermined questions asked in a fixed order?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A structured interview follows a predetermined schedule of questions in a standard order.
• Standardisation makes responses easier to compare across participants.
• The interviewer usually has limited freedom to introduce new questions.
• An unstructured interview is more flexible and conversational.
• Standardisation makes responses easier to compare across participants.
• The interviewer usually has limited freedom to introduce new questions.
• An unstructured interview is more flexible and conversational.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which feature is most characteristic of an unstructured interview?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• An unstructured interview is flexible and allows the conversation to develop around participants' responses.
• The researcher may use broad prompts rather than a fixed list of standardised questions.
• This format can produce rich and unexpected insights.
• Flexibility does not mean that the interview lacks a clear research purpose.
• The researcher may use broad prompts rather than a fixed list of standardised questions.
• This format can produce rich and unexpected insights.
• Flexibility does not mean that the interview lacks a clear research purpose.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
In research, observation is primarily used to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Observation allows researchers to document actions, interactions and contextual features directly.
• It may be structured or unstructured and participant or non-participant.
• Observation can reveal differences between reported behaviour and actual practice.
• It does not remove the need for consent, privacy protection or systematic recording.
• It may be structured or unstructured and participant or non-participant.
• Observation can reveal differences between reported behaviour and actual practice.
• It does not remove the need for consent, privacy protection or systematic recording.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which is the principal advantage of closed-ended questionnaire items?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Closed-ended items provide predefined response choices that can be coded and compared efficiently.
• They are useful for frequencies, percentages and other quantitative summaries.
• Their limitation is that they may restrict responses or omit unanticipated perspectives.
• Careful wording and pilot testing are still necessary.
• They are useful for frequencies, percentages and other quantitative summaries.
• Their limitation is that they may restrict responses or omit unanticipated perspectives.
• Careful wording and pilot testing are still necessary.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
A focus group is best described as:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A focus group is a guided discussion involving several participants and a moderator.
• Interaction among participants can reveal agreements, disagreements and socially shared meanings.
• The moderator encourages participation while keeping discussion relevant to the research topic.
• Focus groups require attention to confidentiality, dominant speakers and group pressure.
• Interaction among participants can reveal agreements, disagreements and socially shared meanings.
• The moderator encourages participation while keeping discussion relevant to the research topic.
• Focus groups require attention to confidentiality, dominant speakers and group pressure.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Which statement best distinguishes a survey from a questionnaire?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A survey is a broader research design or process used to collect information from a sample or population.
• A questionnaire is one instrument that may be used in a survey.
• Surveys may also use structured interviews or other standardised schedules.
• The terms are related but not strictly interchangeable.
• A questionnaire is one instrument that may be used in a survey.
• Surveys may also use structured interviews or other standardised schedules.
• The terms are related but not strictly interchangeable.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
In data collection, a schedule is usually:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A schedule contains questions or items that are administered and completed by an interviewer or enumerator.
• It differs from a self-administered questionnaire, which respondents usually complete themselves.
• Schedules can be useful when respondents require clarification or have limited literacy.
• Interviewer training is important to reduce inconsistency and bias.
• It differs from a self-administered questionnaire, which respondents usually complete themselves.
• Schedules can be useful when respondents require clarification or have limited literacy.
• Interviewer training is important to reduce inconsistency and bias.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
The primary purpose of field notes is to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Field notes provide a written record of observed events, settings, conversations and contextual details.
• Researchers may distinguish descriptive notes from analytical or reflexive comments.
• Notes should be written promptly so that important details are not lost.
• They complement rather than automatically replace recordings or transcripts.
• Researchers may distinguish descriptive notes from analytical or reflexive comments.
• Notes should be written promptly so that important details are not lost.
• They complement rather than automatically replace recordings or transcripts.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which practice is most appropriate when making an audio recording of an interview?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Participants should give informed consent before an interview is recorded.
• Researchers should explain the purpose, storage, access, retention and intended use of recordings.
• Secure storage and appropriate anonymisation protect confidentiality.
• Secret or public recording without proper permission violates ethical data-collection principles.
• Researchers should explain the purpose, storage, access, retention and intended use of recordings.
• Secure storage and appropriate anonymisation protect confidentiality.
• Secret or public recording without proper permission violates ethical data-collection principles.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Transcription refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Transcription converts recorded interaction into written form for analysis.
• Depending on the research purpose, it may capture words, pauses, emphasis, overlap or non-verbal behaviour.
• Transcription involves interpretive decisions and should follow consistent conventions.
• Researchers should check transcripts against recordings for accuracy.
• Depending on the research purpose, it may capture words, pauses, emphasis, overlap or non-verbal behaviour.
• Transcription involves interpretive decisions and should follow consistent conventions.
• Researchers should check transcripts against recordings for accuracy.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
What is the main purpose of pilot testing a data-collection instrument?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Pilot testing evaluates how an instrument and its administration work in practice.
• It can reveal ambiguous wording, unsuitable response options, excessive length or technical difficulties.
• Findings from the pilot may lead to revision of questions, instructions or procedures.
• A pilot improves preparation but cannot guarantee perfect response rates or eliminate all limitations.
• It can reveal ambiguous wording, unsuitable response options, excessive length or technical difficulties.
• Findings from the pilot may lead to revision of questions, instructions or procedures.
• A pilot improves preparation but cannot guarantee perfect response rates or eliminate all limitations.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Reliability of a research instrument primarily concerns:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Reliability concerns whether an instrument produces reasonably consistent results under comparable conditions.
• It may be examined through test-retest reliability, internal consistency or inter-rater agreement.
• A reliable instrument reduces random inconsistency in measurement.
• Reliability alone does not prove that the instrument measures the intended construct.
• It may be examined through test-retest reliability, internal consistency or inter-rater agreement.
• A reliable instrument reduces random inconsistency in measurement.
• Reliability alone does not prove that the instrument measures the intended construct.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Validity of a data-collection instrument refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Validity concerns the appropriateness and accuracy of the interpretation made from instrument scores or responses.
• An instrument should adequately represent and measure the intended construct.
• Content, construct and criterion-related validity are common forms of validity evidence.
• Identical scores for all respondents would not demonstrate meaningful validity.
• An instrument should adequately represent and measure the intended construct.
• Content, construct and criterion-related validity are common forms of validity evidence.
• Identical scores for all respondents would not demonstrate meaningful validity.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Statement I: A reliable instrument is necessarily valid for every intended use.
Statement II: An instrument may produce consistent results while measuring the wrong construct.
Statement II: An instrument may produce consistent results while measuring the wrong construct.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is incorrect because consistency alone does not establish that an instrument measures the intended construct.
• Statement II is correct because a measure can repeatedly produce similar but conceptually inappropriate results.
• Reliability is generally necessary for validity, but it is not sufficient by itself.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
• Statement II is correct because a measure can repeatedly produce similar but conceptually inappropriate results.
• Reliability is generally necessary for validity, but it is not sufficient by itself.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Assertion: Leading questions should generally be avoided in interviews and questionnaires.
Reason: Their wording can influence respondents toward a particular answer.
Reason: Their wording can influence respondents toward a particular answer.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because leading questions can distort responses.
• The Reason is correct because suggestive wording encourages respondents to favour a particular viewpoint.
• Neutral and clear wording reduces avoidable measurement bias.
• The Reason directly explains why leading questions should generally be avoided.
• The Reason is correct because suggestive wording encourages respondents to favour a particular viewpoint.
• Neutral and clear wording reduces avoidable measurement bias.
• The Reason directly explains why leading questions should generally be avoided.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Match List I with List II.
List I
1. Questionnaire
2. Focus group
3. Field notes
4. Transcription
List II
A. Written conversion of recorded interaction
B. Moderated group discussion
C. Written set of questions for respondents
D. Record of observations and contextual reflections
List I
1. Questionnaire
2. Focus group
3. Field notes
4. Transcription
List II
A. Written conversion of recorded interaction
B. Moderated group discussion
C. Written set of questions for respondents
D. Record of observations and contextual reflections
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Questionnaire matches C because it is a written set of questions presented to respondents.
• Focus group matches B because it is a moderated group discussion.
• Field notes match D because they document observations, context and reflections.
• Transcription matches A because it converts recorded interaction into a written record.
• Focus group matches B because it is a moderated group discussion.
• Field notes match D because they document observations, context and reflections.
• Transcription matches A because it converts recorded interaction into a written record.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Consider the following statements about ethical data collection:
1. Participation should normally be voluntary.
2. Participants should be informed about the purpose and procedures of the study.
3. Researchers may promise confidentiality and then reveal identities for convenience.
4. Participants should be allowed to withdraw according to the agreed conditions.
Which statements are correct?
1. Participation should normally be voluntary.
2. Participants should be informed about the purpose and procedures of the study.
3. Researchers may promise confidentiality and then reveal identities for convenience.
4. Participants should be allowed to withdraw according to the agreed conditions.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because participation should normally be voluntary and free from coercion.
• Statement 2 is correct because informed consent requires understandable information about the study.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because promised confidentiality must be respected.
• Statement 4 is correct; therefore, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
• Statement 2 is correct because informed consent requires understandable information about the study.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because promised confidentiality must be respected.
• Statement 4 is correct; therefore, the correct combination is 1, 2 and 4 only.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which is the best example of a double-barrelled questionnaire item?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The item asks about two separate qualities: clarity and interest.
• A respondent may consider the lectures clear but not interesting, making one answer difficult to interpret.
• Double-barrelled items threaten measurement validity.
• Each construct should normally be asked about in a separate item.
• A respondent may consider the lectures clear but not interesting, making one answer difficult to interpret.
• Double-barrelled items threaten measurement validity.
• Each construct should normally be asked about in a separate item.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
A researcher wants comparable answers from 300 respondents while retaining the opportunity to clarify questions orally. Which tool is most suitable?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A structured interview schedule provides standardised questions and comparable responses.
• The interviewer can clarify instructions without changing the intended meaning of the items.
• Training and standard procedures are needed to minimise interviewer effects.
• Unstructured interviews and field diaries would not provide the same level of comparability.
• The interviewer can clarify instructions without changing the intended meaning of the items.
• Training and standard procedures are needed to minimise interviewer effects.
• Unstructured interviews and field diaries would not provide the same level of comparability.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A study investigates classroom participation by combining observation, student questionnaires and teacher interviews. This use of several tools primarily supports:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Triangulation uses multiple methods or sources to examine the same phenomenon.
• Observation records behaviour, questionnaires capture standardised student responses and interviews provide teacher perspectives.
• Converging evidence can strengthen credibility, while divergence may reveal complexity.
• The procedure is not a form of random assignment or sampling.
• Observation records behaviour, questionnaires capture standardised student responses and interviews provide teacher perspectives.
• Converging evidence can strengthen credibility, while divergence may reveal complexity.
• The procedure is not a form of random assignment or sampling.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which practice best improves the accuracy of interview transcription?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Comparing the transcript with the original recording helps identify omissions and inaccuracies.
• Consistent transcription conventions make analytical decisions transparent.
• Grammatical correction can alter meaning and should not be done without a stated rationale.
• Pauses, overlap and emphasis should be retained when they are relevant to the research question.
• Consistent transcription conventions make analytical decisions transparent.
• Grammatical correction can alter meaning and should not be done without a stated rationale.
• Pauses, overlap and emphasis should be retained when they are relevant to the research question.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which statement about observation is incorrect?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The claim that observation reveals private motives with certainty is incorrect.
• Observation provides evidence of visible behaviour, interaction and context.
• Motives may require interviews, participant explanations or cautious interpretation.
• Researchers should distinguish what was observed directly from what they infer.
• Observation provides evidence of visible behaviour, interaction and context.
• Motives may require interviews, participant explanations or cautious interpretation.
• Researchers should distinguish what was observed directly from what they infer.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A pilot test shows that most respondents interpret a key questionnaire item in different ways. What should the researcher do?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Differing interpretations indicate that the item lacks sufficient clarity.
• The researcher should revise the wording and conduct further testing where feasible.
• Ambiguity produces measurement error rather than useful standardisation.
• Pilot findings and resulting changes should be documented transparently.
• The researcher should revise the wording and conduct further testing where feasible.
• Ambiguity produces measurement error rather than useful standardisation.
• Pilot findings and resulting changes should be documented transparently.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which combination represents the strongest data-collection plan?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A sound plan aligns the data-collection tool with the research questions and target participants.
• Pilot testing and training improve clarity, reliability and procedural consistency.
• Informed consent and secure data management protect participants and research integrity.
• Leading items, concealed recording and undefined storage arrangements weaken both validity and ethics.
• Pilot testing and training improve clarity, reliability and procedural consistency.
• Informed consent and secure data management protect participants and research integrity.
• Leading items, concealed recording and undefined storage arrangements weaken both validity and ethics.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. A systematically prepared set of written questions used to obtain information from respondents సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. Structured interview సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. Flexible questioning guided by the participant's responses సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. record behaviours, interactions or events as they occur in a setting సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. They facilitate standardised responses and efficient quantitative analysis సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. A moderated group discussion used to explore participants' views and interactions సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. A survey is the broader research process, while a questionnaire is one possible data-collection instrument within it. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. A set of questions completed by an enumerator or interviewer while obtaining responses సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. document observations, context, interactions and the researcher's reflections during fieldwork సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Obtain informed consent and explain how the recording will be stored and used. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. Converting recorded spoken or visual interaction into a systematic written record సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. To identify unclear items, procedural problems and weaknesses before the main study సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. the consistency or stability of the measurements it produces సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. whether it adequately measures the construct it is intended to measure సమాధానం: B.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. How clear and interesting were the lectures? సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. A structured interview schedule సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. triangulation సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. Checking the transcript against the recording and applying consistent conventions సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Observation automatically reveals participants' private motives with certainty. సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. Revise the wording and test the item again before the main survey సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: B. A suitable tool, pilot testing, trained data collectors, informed consent and secure data management సమాధానం: B.