Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement best characterises quantitative research?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Quantitative research represents observations through numerical data and analyses them systematically.
• It commonly measures variables, tests hypotheses and examines patterns, differences or relationships.
• Researcher judgement is still involved in design and interpretation, but conclusions must be supported by evidence.
• Quantitative research does not reject comparison; comparison is often central to it.
• It commonly measures variables, tests hypotheses and examines patterns, differences or relationships.
• Researcher judgement is still involved in design and interpretation, but conclusions must be supported by evidence.
• Quantitative research does not reject comparison; comparison is often central to it.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In a study examining whether teaching method influences examination scores, the examination score is the:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The dependent variable is the outcome measured in a study.
• Examination score is measured to determine whether it changes according to teaching method.
• Teaching method is the independent variable because it is the presumed influencing factor.
• A control group and a sampling frame are design elements rather than variables in this example.
• Examination score is measured to determine whether it changes according to teaching method.
• Teaching method is the independent variable because it is the presumed influencing factor.
• A control group and a sampling frame are design elements rather than variables in this example.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which scale of measurement classifies observations into categories without ranking them?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A nominal scale classifies observations into distinct categories without establishing an order.
• Examples include language background, genre category and type of institution.
• Ordinal measurement ranks categories, while interval and ratio scales provide numerical distances.
• Nominal categories may be summarised through frequencies, percentages and the mode.
• Examples include language background, genre category and type of institution.
• Ordinal measurement ranks categories, while interval and ratio scales provide numerical distances.
• Nominal categories may be summarised through frequencies, percentages and the mode.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which scale of measurement has equal intervals and a meaningful absolute zero?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Ratio measurement has equal intervals and a true zero indicating the absence of the measured quantity.
• Examples include time spent reading, number of errors and word frequency.
• Interval scales have equal intervals but lack a meaningful absolute zero.
• Ratio data permit comparisons such as twice as much or half as much.
• Examples include time spent reading, number of errors and word frequency.
• Interval scales have equal intervals but lack a meaningful absolute zero.
• Ratio data permit comparisons such as twice as much or half as much.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
The main purpose of operationalising a variable is to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Operationalisation translates an abstract concept into observable or measurable indicators.
• For example, vocabulary knowledge may be defined as the score obtained on a specified test.
• Clear operational definitions improve consistency and make procedures open to scrutiny.
• Operationalisation does not require every variable to be binary.
• For example, vocabulary knowledge may be defined as the score obtained on a specified test.
• Clear operational definitions improve consistency and make procedures open to scrutiny.
• Operationalisation does not require every variable to be binary.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which feature most clearly distinguishes an experimental method?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Experimental research manipulates an independent variable and measures its effect on a dependent variable.
• Control or comparison groups are often used to reduce alternative explanations.
• Random assignment, when feasible, can strengthen causal inference.
• Historical documents and opinion collection may support other designs but do not define an experiment.
• Control or comparison groups are often used to reduce alternative explanations.
• Random assignment, when feasible, can strengthen causal inference.
• Historical documents and opinion collection may support other designs but do not define an experiment.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
A survey is most appropriate when a researcher wants to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Surveys collect standardised responses from a sample through questionnaires or structured interviews.
• They are useful for studying attitudes, reported behaviours, preferences and demographic patterns.
• Careful sampling and question design are necessary for trustworthy conclusions.
• Surveys do not ordinarily manipulate experimental treatments.
• They are useful for studying attitudes, reported behaviours, preferences and demographic patterns.
• Careful sampling and question design are necessary for trustworthy conclusions.
• Surveys do not ordinarily manipulate experimental treatments.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
In a frequency table, frequency refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Frequency is the count of observations belonging to a value or category.
• A frequency table organises these counts so that the distribution can be inspected.
• Relative frequency expresses the count as a proportion or percentage.
• Standard deviation and correlation measure different statistical properties.
• A frequency table organises these counts so that the distribution can be inspected.
• Relative frequency expresses the count as a proportion or percentage.
• Standard deviation and correlation measure different statistical properties.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
In a class of 50 students, 20 prefer online dictionaries. What percentage of the class prefers online dictionaries?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Percentage is calculated by dividing the relevant frequency by the total and multiplying by 100.
• Here, 20 divided by 50 equals 0.40.
• Multiplying 0.40 by 100 gives 40 percent.
• Percentages permit comparison across groups of different sizes when calculated from suitable totals.
• Here, 20 divided by 50 equals 0.40.
• Multiplying 0.40 by 100 gives 40 percent.
• Percentages permit comparison across groups of different sizes when calculated from suitable totals.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
What is the arithmetic mean of the scores 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The arithmetic mean is the sum of all scores divided by the number of scores.
• The total is 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 = 40.
• Dividing 40 by 5 gives a mean of 8.
• The mean uses every observation and is sensitive to extreme values.
• The total is 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 = 40.
• Dividing 40 by 5 gives a mean of 8.
• The mean uses every observation and is sensitive to extreme values.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
What is the median of the ordered scores 3, 5, 7, 9, 20?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The median is the middle value after scores are arranged in order.
• There are five observations, so the third value is the median.
• The third value is 7.
• Unlike the mean, the median is relatively resistant to an extreme value such as 20.
• There are five observations, so the third value is the median.
• The third value is 7.
• Unlike the mean, the median is relatively resistant to an extreme value such as 20.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
What is the mode of the data set 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The mode is the value that occurs most frequently.
• The value 5 occurs three times, more often than any other value.
• The value 3 occurs twice, while the remaining values occur once.
• The mode can be used with nominal as well as numerical data.
• The value 5 occurs three times, more often than any other value.
• The value 3 occurs twice, while the remaining values occur once.
• The mode can be used with nominal as well as numerical data.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Which statement about the mean is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The mean uses every score and is therefore influenced by extreme observations.
• A very high or low value can pull the mean away from the centre of most observations.
• The mean is not normally appropriate for unordered nominal categories.
• The mean and median coincide in some distributions but not in all.
• A very high or low value can pull the mean away from the centre of most observations.
• The mean is not normally appropriate for unordered nominal categories.
• The mean and median coincide in some distributions but not in all.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Standard deviation is a measure of:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Standard deviation measures the typical spread of observations around their mean.
• A small standard deviation indicates that scores cluster relatively closely around the mean.
• A large standard deviation indicates greater dispersion.
• It does not identify the mode or establish causation.
• A small standard deviation indicates that scores cluster relatively closely around the mean.
• A large standard deviation indicates greater dispersion.
• It does not identify the mode or establish causation.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Two classes have the same mean test score, but Class X has a larger standard deviation than Class Y. Which interpretation is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A larger standard deviation indicates greater variability or dispersion around the mean.
• Equal means do not imply equal distributions.
• Standard deviation alone does not determine the median or the number of students.
• It also does not imply that every score in one class exceeds every score in the other.
• Equal means do not imply equal distributions.
• Standard deviation alone does not determine the median or the number of students.
• It also does not imply that every score in one class exceeds every score in the other.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
A correlation coefficient of -0.82 indicates:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The negative sign indicates that the variables tend to move in opposite directions.
• The magnitude 0.82 is relatively close to 1 and therefore indicates a strong linear association.
• A perfect negative correlation would be -1.00.
• Correlation describes association and does not by itself establish causation.
• The magnitude 0.82 is relatively close to 1 and therefore indicates a strong linear association.
• A perfect negative correlation would be -1.00.
• Correlation describes association and does not by itself establish causation.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Which statement about correlation is correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Correlation measures the direction and strength of association between variables.
• A high correlation may arise from causal influence, reverse causation, a third variable or coincidence.
• A zero correlation indicates no linear relationship, not that variables are identical.
• Correlation can be used with observational as well as experimental data.
• A high correlation may arise from causal influence, reverse causation, a third variable or coincidence.
• A zero correlation indicates no linear relationship, not that variables are identical.
• Correlation can be used with observational as well as experimental data.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis generally states that:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The null hypothesis usually states that no specified effect, difference or association exists.
• Statistical testing assesses whether the observed evidence is sufficiently inconsistent with that hypothesis.
• Rejecting the null does not prove the research hypothesis with absolute certainty.
• Statistical significance and practical importance are distinct considerations.
• Statistical testing assesses whether the observed evidence is sufficiently inconsistent with that hypothesis.
• Rejecting the null does not prove the research hypothesis with absolute certainty.
• Statistical significance and practical importance are distinct considerations.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Statement I: A statistically significant result is automatically large and practically important.
Statement II: Statistical significance is influenced by effect size, variability and sample size.
Statement II: Statistical significance is influenced by effect size, variability and sample size.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is incorrect because a statistically significant result may represent a very small effect.
• Statement II is correct because significance depends partly on effect magnitude, variability and sample size.
• Large samples can make small effects statistically significant.
• Therefore, practical importance should be evaluated separately from statistical significance.
• Statement II is correct because significance depends partly on effect magnitude, variability and sample size.
• Large samples can make small effects statistically significant.
• Therefore, practical importance should be evaluated separately from statistical significance.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Assertion: A very small p-value provides evidence against the null hypothesis under the assumptions of the test.
Reason: A p-value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
Reason: A p-value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because a small p-value indicates that the observed result would be unusual under the null hypothesis and test assumptions.
• The Reason is incorrect because a p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
• It is calculated conditionally on the null hypothesis and the statistical model.
• Therefore, the Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.
• The Reason is incorrect because a p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
• It is calculated conditionally on the null hypothesis and the statistical model.
• Therefore, the Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Match List I with List II.
List I
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
4. Standard deviation
List II
A. Most frequently occurring value
B. Measure of spread around the mean expressed in the original units
C. Arithmetic average
D. Middle value in an ordered distribution
List I
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
4. Standard deviation
List II
A. Most frequently occurring value
B. Measure of spread around the mean expressed in the original units
C. Arithmetic average
D. Middle value in an ordered distribution
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Mean matches C because it is the arithmetic average of the observations.
• Median matches D because it is the middle value in an ordered distribution.
• Mode matches A because it is the most frequently occurring value.
• Standard deviation matches B because it measures spread around the mean and is expressed in the original measurement units.
• Median matches D because it is the middle value in an ordered distribution.
• Mode matches A because it is the most frequently occurring value.
• Standard deviation matches B because it measures spread around the mean and is expressed in the original measurement units.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Consider the following statements about presenting quantitative data:
1. Tables are useful for displaying exact values.
2. Bar charts are suitable for comparing categories.
3. Line charts are useful for showing change across ordered time points.
4. A chart should include clear labels and an appropriate scale.
Which statements are correct?
1. Tables are useful for displaying exact values.
2. Bar charts are suitable for comparing categories.
3. Line charts are useful for showing change across ordered time points.
4. A chart should include clear labels and an appropriate scale.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because tables can display exact numerical values systematically.
• Statement 2 is correct because bar charts facilitate comparison among discrete categories.
• Statement 3 is correct because line charts show ordered change or trends effectively.
• Statement 4 is correct; therefore, all four statements are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because bar charts facilitate comparison among discrete categories.
• Statement 3 is correct because line charts show ordered change or trends effectively.
• Statement 4 is correct; therefore, all four statements are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which chart is most appropriate for displaying the relationship between hours of study and examination scores for individual students?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A scatter plot displays paired numerical observations for two variables.
• Each point can represent one student's study hours and examination score.
• The overall pattern may reveal the direction, strength and form of association.
• Pie charts show parts of a whole and are not suited to paired-variable relationships.
• Each point can represent one student's study hours and examination score.
• The overall pattern may reveal the direction, strength and form of association.
• Pie charts show parts of a whole and are not suited to paired-variable relationships.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A survey reports that 72 percent of 500 sampled students prefer digital texts. Which conclusion is methodologically justified?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The numerical result directly describes the sampled students who answered the survey.
• Generalisation beyond the sample depends on sampling quality, response rate and population definition.
• A preference survey does not establish that digital texts cause improved achievement.
• Students who did not select digital texts may still enjoy reading in other formats.
• Generalisation beyond the sample depends on sampling quality, response rate and population definition.
• A preference survey does not establish that digital texts cause improved achievement.
• Students who did not select digital texts may still enjoy reading in other formats.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
A researcher finds that the experimental group has a mean score of 78 and the control group has a mean score of 74. What should be done before claiming that the treatment was effective?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A difference between sample means does not by itself establish a reliable treatment effect.
• The researcher should examine dispersion, sample size, group comparability and an appropriate inferential test.
• Design quality, randomisation, attrition and possible confounding variables also affect interpretation.
• Statistical and practical significance should both be considered before drawing a conclusion.
• The researcher should examine dispersion, sample size, group comparability and an appropriate inferential test.
• Design quality, randomisation, attrition and possible confounding variables also affect interpretation.
• Statistical and practical significance should both be considered before drawing a conclusion.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
-
Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. It investigates phenomena through numerical measurement and statistical analysis సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. dependent variable సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. Nominal scale సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. Ratio scale సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. specify how the variable will be observed or measured సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. Manipulation of an independent variable and observation of its effect సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. collect standardised information from a sample about attitudes or behaviours సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. the number of times a value or category occurs సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. 40 percent సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. 8 సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. 7 సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. 5 సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. It is affected by unusually high or low observations సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: B. the spread of observations around the mean సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. Scores in Class X are more dispersed around the mean. సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. a strong negative relationship సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: A. A high correlation does not by itself prove that one variable causes the other సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: B. there is no specified effect, difference or association in the population సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: C. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect సమాధానం: C.
-
Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B సమాధానం: B.
-
Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. Scatter plot సమాధానం: D.
-
Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. Seventy-two percent of the sampled students reported preferring digital texts సమాధానం: A.
-
Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: B. Examine variability, sample size, design quality and an appropriate test of the difference సమాధానం: B.