Please keep at least one language enabled. / కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which concept is most closely associated with Antonio Gramsci's explanation of how a ruling class secures leadership through consent as well as coercion?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Gramsci uses hegemony to explain how a dominant social group secures moral, intellectual and political leadership.
• Hegemonic rule depends substantially on consent produced through civil society, culture and everyday institutions.
• Coercion remains available through the state, but durable domination cannot be explained by force alone.
• Ideological state apparatus and interpellation are terms associated primarily with Louis Althusser.
• Hegemonic rule depends substantially on consent produced through civil society, culture and everyday institutions.
• Coercion remains available through the state, but durable domination cannot be explained by force alone.
• Ideological state apparatus and interpellation are terms associated primarily with Louis Althusser.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
In Gramsci's theory, consent is primarily produced through:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Consent is organized through institutions and practices in civil society, including education, religion, media and voluntary associations.
• These institutions help make dominant values appear reasonable, natural or universally beneficial.
• Gramsci does not deny coercion, but he distinguishes consent-based leadership from direct repression.
• Hegemony is always contested and therefore never eliminates class conflict completely.
• These institutions help make dominant values appear reasonable, natural or universally beneficial.
• Gramsci does not deny coercion, but he distinguishes consent-based leadership from direct repression.
• Hegemony is always contested and therefore never eliminates class conflict completely.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Who is an organic intellectual in Gramsci's account?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• An organic intellectual develops in relation to a particular social class and articulates its experiences, interests and worldview.
• Such intellectuals help organize consciousness and social leadership rather than merely producing abstract ideas.
• Gramsci contrasts their social function with the self-image of traditional intellectuals as independent of class relations.
• The term organic refers to a structural relation with a class, not to environmental subject matter.
• Such intellectuals help organize consciousness and social leadership rather than merely producing abstract ideas.
• Gramsci contrasts their social function with the self-image of traditional intellectuals as independent of class relations.
• The term organic refers to a structural relation with a class, not to environmental subject matter.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Which statement best distinguishes Gramsci's hegemony from domination based only on force?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hegemony involves intellectual and moral leadership that secures active or passive consent from subordinate groups.
• Coercive state power remains present, but it is not the sole basis of rule.
• Gramsci therefore analyses both political society and civil society.
• This distinction explains why cultural struggle is central to political transformation.
• Coercive state power remains present, but it is not the sole basis of rule.
• Gramsci therefore analyses both political society and civil society.
• This distinction explains why cultural struggle is central to political transformation.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
Which work by Louis Althusser introduced the influential distinction between Repressive State Apparatus and Ideological State Apparatuses?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses presents Althusser's distinction between repressive and ideological apparatuses.
• The essay explains how institutions such as schools, churches and media reproduce social relations largely through ideology.
• For Marx is another major Althusserian work but is not the specific source of this formulation.
• Selections from the Prison Notebooks and Marxism and Literature are associated with Gramsci and Raymond Williams respectively.
• The essay explains how institutions such as schools, churches and media reproduce social relations largely through ideology.
• For Marx is another major Althusserian work but is not the specific source of this formulation.
• Selections from the Prison Notebooks and Marxism and Literature are associated with Gramsci and Raymond Williams respectively.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Which of the following is the best example of an Ideological State Apparatus in Althusser's sense?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Schools function ideologically by transmitting skills, norms, discipline and socially authorized forms of knowledge.
• Althusser treats education as a major Ideological State Apparatus in modern capitalist societies.
• The army, police and prisons operate more directly through repression, although every apparatus may use both ideology and force.
• The distinction concerns the dominant mode of operation rather than an absolute separation.
• Althusser treats education as a major Ideological State Apparatus in modern capitalist societies.
• The army, police and prisons operate more directly through repression, although every apparatus may use both ideology and force.
• The distinction concerns the dominant mode of operation rather than an absolute separation.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
In Althusser's theory, interpellation refers to the process by which:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Interpellation is the process through which ideology hails individuals and gives them recognizable subject positions.
• By responding to the ideological call, individuals recognize themselves within existing social categories.
• The subject appears autonomous while being formed through ideological practices.
• The concept is central to Althusser's account of how ideology reproduces social relations.
• By responding to the ideological call, individuals recognize themselves within existing social categories.
• The subject appears autonomous while being formed through ideological practices.
• The concept is central to Althusser's account of how ideology reproduces social relations.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
What does relative autonomy mean in Marxist cultural theory?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Relative autonomy rejects both total independence and crude economic reductionism.
• Cultural, political and ideological practices possess their own structures, histories and effects.
• They remain related to material and class conditions but cannot be mechanically deduced from the economy.
• The concept permits a more complex account of literature and cultural institutions.
• Cultural, political and ideological practices possess their own structures, histories and effects.
• They remain related to material and class conditions but cannot be mechanically deduced from the economy.
• The concept permits a more complex account of literature and cultural institutions.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which sequence correctly identifies Williams's three categories of cultural process?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Williams distinguishes dominant, residual and emergent elements within a cultural formation.
• The dominant refers to currently powerful meanings and practices.
• The residual survives from earlier formations, while the emergent consists of newly developing meanings and values.
• These categories help explain culture as dynamic and internally uneven.
• The dominant refers to currently powerful meanings and practices.
• The residual survives from earlier formations, while the emergent consists of newly developing meanings and values.
• These categories help explain culture as dynamic and internally uneven.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
In Raymond Williams's terminology, the dominant refers to:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The dominant consists of the meanings, values and practices that presently exercise cultural authority.
• It is sustained through institutions, traditions and selective interpretations of the past.
• The dominant is not completely uniform and must continually incorporate or exclude alternatives.
• Residual and emergent elements exist in tension with it.
• It is sustained through institutions, traditions and selective interpretations of the past.
• The dominant is not completely uniform and must continually incorporate or exclude alternatives.
• Residual and emergent elements exist in tension with it.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Which description best fits a residual cultural element?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The residual originates in an earlier social and cultural formation but continues to operate in the present.
• It may support the dominant order or offer resources for opposition to it.
• Williams distinguishes the residual from the merely archaic, which is recognized as belonging to the past.
• Its continued activity makes it significant for cultural analysis.
• It may support the dominant order or offer resources for opposition to it.
• Williams distinguishes the residual from the merely archaic, which is recognized as belonging to the past.
• Its continued activity makes it significant for cultural analysis.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which of the following best exemplifies an emergent cultural formation?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The emergent consists of newly developing meanings, values, practices and relationships.
• Some emergent elements may become incorporated into the dominant culture, while others may remain oppositional.
• Emergence is not identical with novelty alone; it must involve new social experience or cultural organization.
• Williams uses the category to analyse cultural change in process.
• Some emergent elements may become incorporated into the dominant culture, while others may remain oppositional.
• Emergence is not identical with novelty alone; it must involve new social experience or cultural organization.
• Williams uses the category to analyse cultural change in process.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Consider the following statements.
Statement I: Gramsci's hegemony depends partly on the organization of consent.
Statement II: Althusser's interpellation explains how ideology constitutes individuals as subjects.
Statement I: Gramsci's hegemony depends partly on the organization of consent.
Statement II: Althusser's interpellation explains how ideology constitutes individuals as subjects.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because hegemony secures leadership through consent generated in civil society as well as through coercive power.
• Statement II is correct because interpellation names ideology's constitution of individuals as subjects.
• The two concepts address related but distinct mechanisms of social reproduction.
• Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
• Statement II is correct because interpellation names ideology's constitution of individuals as subjects.
• The two concepts address related but distinct mechanisms of social reproduction.
• Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Match List I with List II.
List I
1. Hegemony
2. Organic intellectual
3. Interpellation
4. Emergent culture
List II
I. Newly developing meanings and practices
II. Ideological constitution of individuals as subjects
III. Class-linked organizer of consciousness
IV. Leadership secured substantially through consent
List I
1. Hegemony
2. Organic intellectual
3. Interpellation
4. Emergent culture
List II
I. Newly developing meanings and practices
II. Ideological constitution of individuals as subjects
III. Class-linked organizer of consciousness
IV. Leadership secured substantially through consent
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hegemony matches IV because it describes leadership secured substantially through consent.
• Organic intellectual matches III because such an intellectual organizes and articulates the consciousness of a social class.
• Interpellation matches II because ideology constitutes individuals as subjects by hailing them.
• Emergent culture matches I because it consists of newly developing meanings, values and practices.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-IV, 2-III, 3-II, 4-I.
• Organic intellectual matches III because such an intellectual organizes and articulates the consciousness of a social class.
• Interpellation matches II because ideology constitutes individuals as subjects by hailing them.
• Emergent culture matches I because it consists of newly developing meanings, values and practices.
• Therefore, the correct code is 1-IV, 2-III, 3-II, 4-I.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Organic intellectual is a concept associated with Antonio Gramsci, not Louis Althusser.
• Gramsci is correctly linked with hegemony and the organization of consent.
• Althusser is correctly linked with interpellation and Ideological State Apparatuses.
• Williams is correctly linked with the categories dominant, residual and emergent.
• Gramsci is correctly linked with hegemony and the organization of consent.
• Althusser is correctly linked with interpellation and Ideological State Apparatuses.
• Williams is correctly linked with the categories dominant, residual and emergent.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which of the following statements are correct?
1. Gramsci treats civil society as an important site of hegemonic struggle.
2. Althusser argues that ideology exists only as consciously held ideas.
3. Cultural materialism studies culture as a material social practice.
4. Emergent culture may be incorporated by the dominant culture.
1. Gramsci treats civil society as an important site of hegemonic struggle.
2. Althusser argues that ideology exists only as consciously held ideas.
3. Cultural materialism studies culture as a material social practice.
4. Emergent culture may be incorporated by the dominant culture.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because civil society is a major terrain on which consent and counter-hegemony are organized.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because Althusser treats ideology as material practices and rituals as well as representations.
• Statement 3 is correct because cultural materialism studies cultural production within material institutions and histories.
• Statement 4 is correct because dominant culture may absorb selected emergent elements.
• Therefore, statements 1, 3 and 4 only are correct.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because Althusser treats ideology as material practices and rituals as well as representations.
• Statement 3 is correct because cultural materialism studies cultural production within material institutions and histories.
• Statement 4 is correct because dominant culture may absorb selected emergent elements.
• Therefore, statements 1, 3 and 4 only are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
A popular television programme repeatedly presents managerial authority as common sense while inviting workers to identify emotionally with corporate goals. Which concept most directly explains this cultural process?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The programme helps make the values of a dominant group appear natural and universally beneficial.
• By encouraging identification with corporate goals, it contributes to the organization of consent.
• This is a Gramscian account of hegemony operating through popular culture and civil society.
• Commodity fetishism concerns the appearance of social relations as relations among commodities and does not fully explain this example.
• By encouraging identification with corporate goals, it contributes to the organization of consent.
• This is a Gramscian account of hegemony operating through popular culture and civil society.
• Commodity fetishism concerns the appearance of social relations as relations among commodities and does not fully explain this example.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
A school ceremony addresses each pupil as a responsible future citizen and requires the pupil to respond publicly to that identity. Which Althusserian concept is most directly illustrated?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The ceremony hails pupils into a socially recognized identity and invites them to acknowledge themselves in that position.
• This process exemplifies interpellation, through which ideology constitutes individuals as subjects.
• The school operates materially through rituals, practices and institutional routines.
• Residual culture, reification and aporia belong to different theoretical problems.
• This process exemplifies interpellation, through which ideology constitutes individuals as subjects.
• The school operates materially through rituals, practices and institutional routines.
• Residual culture, reification and aporia belong to different theoretical problems.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which comparison between Gramsci and Althusser is most accurate?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Gramsci emphasizes the organization of consent, cultural leadership and struggle within civil society.
• Althusser emphasizes how institutions reproduce social relations and constitute subjects through ideology.
• Both thinkers analyse culture and ideology as materially effective rather than as mere illusions.
• Neither treats individuals as completely independent of social structures.
• Althusser emphasizes how institutions reproduce social relations and constitute subjects through ideology.
• Both thinkers analyse culture and ideology as materially effective rather than as mere illusions.
• Neither treats individuals as completely independent of social structures.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Assertion: The concept of relative autonomy rejects a mechanically deterministic relation between economy and culture.
Reason: Cultural practices may possess specific structures and effects while remaining historically connected with material relations.
Reason: Cultural practices may possess specific structures and effects while remaining historically connected with material relations.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because relative autonomy opposes the claim that economic conditions mechanically dictate every cultural form.
• The Reason is correct because culture has specific institutions, histories and effects while remaining materially situated.
• This qualified independence is precisely what the term relative autonomy expresses.
• Therefore, both are correct and the Reason explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because culture has specific institutions, histories and effects while remaining materially situated.
• This qualified independence is precisely what the term relative autonomy expresses.
• Therefore, both are correct and the Reason explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
Why does Raymond Williams reject the treatment of culture as merely a reflection of an economic base?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Williams treats culture as a constitutive and active material process rather than as a passive mirror.
• Cultural forms help organize meanings, institutions, identities and social relations.
• His cultural materialism retains attention to economic and class conditions without reducing culture to them.
• Culture includes ordinary practices and institutions as well as canonical literary works.
• Cultural forms help organize meanings, institutions, identities and social relations.
• His cultural materialism retains attention to economic and class conditions without reducing culture to them.
• Culture includes ordinary practices and institutions as well as canonical literary works.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Which statement correctly distinguishes residual culture from emergent culture?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Residual culture originates in an earlier social formation but remains active in the present.
• Emergent culture consists of new meanings, values, practices and relationships in the process of formation.
• Either category may have alternative, oppositional or incorporated forms.
• The distinction is historical and relational rather than a simple division between elite and popular culture.
• Emergent culture consists of new meanings, values, practices and relationships in the process of formation.
• Either category may have alternative, oppositional or incorporated forms.
• The distinction is historical and relational rather than a simple division between elite and popular culture.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
A once-radical musical style is adopted by major corporations, stripped of its political challenge and marketed as fashionable rebellion. Which process is most consistent with Williams's model?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Dominant culture often incorporates selected elements of emergent or oppositional practices.
• Commercial institutions may preserve the style's appearance while neutralizing its critical force.
• Williams's model explains culture as a field of negotiation, selection and conflict.
• Incorporation does not prove that all opposition disappears, but it can limit its disruptive effects.
• Commercial institutions may preserve the style's appearance while neutralizing its critical force.
• Williams's model explains culture as a field of negotiation, selection and conflict.
• Incorporation does not prove that all opposition disappears, but it can limit its disruptive effects.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A critic studies a Renaissance play by connecting its language of obedience with patronage, censorship, theatre companies and contemporary class conflicts. Which approach is being applied?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Cultural materialism relates textual forms to institutions, technologies, power relations and material history.
• Patronage, censorship and theatre companies are material conditions of literary production.
• The language of obedience can be analysed as part of struggles over dominant, residual and emergent meanings.
• The method does not isolate form from history or reduce the play to the author's biography.
• Patronage, censorship and theatre companies are material conditions of literary production.
• The language of obedience can be analysed as part of struggles over dominant, residual and emergent meanings.
• The method does not isolate form from history or reduce the play to the author's biography.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which statement best summarizes the shared significance of Gramsci, Althusser and Williams for literary and cultural theory?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Gramsci explains how cultural leadership organizes consent and how counter-hegemonic struggle may develop.
• Althusser analyses the material operation of ideology through institutions and interpellation.
• Williams studies culture as a material process containing dominant, residual and emergent forces.
• Together, these approaches show that literature and culture participate actively in the reproduction and contestation of social relations.
• Althusser analyses the material operation of ideology through institutions and interpellation.
• Williams studies culture as a material process containing dominant, residual and emergent forces.
• Together, these approaches show that literature and culture participate actively in the reproduction and contestation of social relations.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: B. Hegemony సమాధానం: B.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: C. Civil society and cultural leadership సమాధానం: C.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. An intellectual who emerges from and gives coherence to the experiences of a social class సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. Hegemony combines leadership and consent with the possibility of coercion సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: B. Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses సమాధానం: B.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: C. A school transmitting social norms and qualifications సమాధానం: C.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: A. Ideology addresses individuals and constitutes them as subjects సమాధానం: A.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Cultural and ideological practices have specific effects without being wholly independent of the economic structure సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: B. Dominant, residual and emergent సమాధానం: B.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: A. The currently powerful system of meanings, values and practices సమాధానం: A.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. A meaning or practice formed in an earlier period that remains active in the present సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: B. A newly developing set of values and practices not yet fully incorporated by the dominant culture సమాధానం: B.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. 1-IV, 2-III, 3-II, 4-I సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: D. Louis Althusser — organic intellectual సమాధానం: D.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: B. 1, 3 and 4 only సమాధానం: B.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: C. Hegemonic production of consent సమాధానం: C.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: A. Interpellation సమాధానం: A.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. Gramsci emphasizes hegemonic consent and struggle, while Althusser emphasizes ideological apparatuses and subject constitution సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. Because he regards culture as an active material practice that participates in social production సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: C. Residual culture survives from an earlier formation, while emergent culture consists of newly developing meanings and practices సమాధానం: C.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: D. The incorporation of an emergent or oppositional form into the dominant culture సమాధానం: D.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: A. Cultural materialism సమాధానం: A.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: C. They analyse how culture and ideology materially organize consent, subjects and social struggle సమాధానం: C.