Please keep at least one language enabled. / కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
Which statement best represents Aristotle's definition of tragedy?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle defines tragedy as the imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of appropriate magnitude.
• Tragedy presents the action dramatically rather than through narration.
• Its language is artistically embellished, and its characteristic emotional effect operates through pity and fear.
• The other options describe epic, comedy or philosophy rather than Aristotelian tragedy.
• Tragedy presents the action dramatically rather than through narration.
• Its language is artistically embellished, and its characteristic emotional effect operates through pity and fear.
• The other options describe epic, comedy or philosophy rather than Aristotelian tragedy.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
Which of the six elements of tragedy does Aristotle call the soul of tragedy?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle calls plot the soul of tragedy because tragedy primarily imitates action rather than persons in isolation.
• Character reveals moral disposition, but it is organized through the sequence of actions.
• A tragedy may be effective with limited characterization, but it cannot exist without a coherent plot.
• Thought and diction support the action without replacing plot's structural primacy.
• Character reveals moral disposition, but it is organized through the sequence of actions.
• A tragedy may be effective with limited characterization, but it cannot exist without a coherent plot.
• Thought and diction support the action without replacing plot's structural primacy.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which of the following is not one of Aristotle's six elements of tragedy?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle's six elements are plot, character, thought, diction, melody and spectacle.
• Narrative point of view is a later narratological category and is not listed as a constituent part of tragedy in the Poetics.
• Plot and character belong to the objects represented, while spectacle concerns visual staging.
• Melody refers to the musical dimension of tragic performance.
• Narrative point of view is a later narratological category and is not listed as a constituent part of tragedy in the Poetics.
• Plot and character belong to the objects represented, while spectacle concerns visual staging.
• Melody refers to the musical dimension of tragic performance.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
In Aristotle's hierarchy of tragic elements, spectacle is regarded as:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle acknowledges that spectacle can produce emotional effects in performance.
• He nevertheless treats it as the least artistic element because stage machinery and visual production depend more on the stage technician than on the poet.
• A well-constructed tragedy should retain its power even when its plot is heard rather than seen.
• Spectacle therefore ranks below plot, character, thought, diction and melody.
• He nevertheless treats it as the least artistic element because stage machinery and visual production depend more on the stage technician than on the poet.
• A well-constructed tragedy should retain its power even when its plot is heard rather than seen.
• Spectacle therefore ranks below plot, character, thought, diction and melody.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
What does hamartia most accurately mean in Aristotle's account of the tragic hero?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hamartia is best understood as an error, mistake or misjudgement rather than simple moral depravity.
• The tragic hero is neither perfectly virtuous nor thoroughly wicked.
• The fall from prosperity to adversity occurs through this error within the causal structure of the plot.
• Translating hamartia only as 'tragic flaw' can be misleading because Aristotle emphasizes action and error.
• The tragic hero is neither perfectly virtuous nor thoroughly wicked.
• The fall from prosperity to adversity occurs through this error within the causal structure of the plot.
• Translating hamartia only as 'tragic flaw' can be misleading because Aristotle emphasizes action and error.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
Peripeteia in the Poetics refers to:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Peripeteia is a reversal in which the action turns toward an outcome opposite to what was intended or expected.
• In a strong complex plot, the reversal grows from the preceding events according to probability or necessity.
• It is often closely connected with recognition.
• It is not a choral song, an ethical quality or a visual stage effect.
• In a strong complex plot, the reversal grows from the preceding events according to probability or necessity.
• It is often closely connected with recognition.
• It is not a choral song, an ethical quality or a visual stage effect.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Anagnorisis is best defined as:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Anagnorisis means recognition or discovery, a movement from ignorance to knowledge.
• It commonly changes relationships by revealing identity, responsibility or a crucial fact.
• Aristotle especially values recognition when it arises naturally from the plot.
• Recognition can combine with reversal to generate powerful pity and fear.
• It commonly changes relationships by revealing identity, responsibility or a crucial fact.
• Aristotle especially values recognition when it arises naturally from the plot.
• Recognition can combine with reversal to generate powerful pity and fear.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
Which combination most clearly distinguishes a complex plot from a simple plot?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A complex plot includes peripeteia, anagnorisis or both.
• A simple plot changes the hero's fortune without these structural devices.
• Aristotle prefers complex plots when their reversals and recognitions emerge from the causal sequence of events.
• Melody, spectacle and formal divisions do not define the simple-complex distinction.
• A simple plot changes the hero's fortune without these structural devices.
• Aristotle prefers complex plots when their reversals and recognitions emerge from the causal sequence of events.
• Melody, spectacle and formal divisions do not define the simple-complex distinction.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
According to Aristotle, the best tragic hero is generally a person who:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle's preferred tragic hero is neither outstandingly virtuous nor thoroughly villainous.
• The hero is sufficiently admirable to arouse pity and sufficiently like the audience to arouse fear.
• The fall occurs through hamartia rather than calculated wickedness.
• A wholly virtuous sufferer may seem morally shocking, while a wicked person's fall does not produce the proper tragic emotions.
• The hero is sufficiently admirable to arouse pity and sufficiently like the audience to arouse fear.
• The fall occurs through hamartia rather than calculated wickedness.
• A wholly virtuous sufferer may seem morally shocking, while a wicked person's fall does not produce the proper tragic emotions.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
Which principle is central to Aristotle's unity of action?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Unity of action requires a complete and coherent sequence with a beginning, middle and end.
• Each incident should be necessary or probable within the causal structure.
• Removing or rearranging an essential event should disturb the whole.
• The strict unities of time and place were formulated more rigidly by later critics, not by Aristotle as equal rules.
• Each incident should be necessary or probable within the causal structure.
• Removing or rearranging an essential event should disturb the whole.
• The strict unities of time and place were formulated more rigidly by later critics, not by Aristotle as equal rules.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Statement I: Aristotle defines plot as the arrangement of moral qualities rather than incidents.
Statement II: He considers action more fundamental than character in tragedy.
Statement II: He considers action more fundamental than character in tragedy.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is incorrect because Aristotle defines plot as the arrangement or organization of incidents.
• Statement II is correct because tragedy primarily imitates action and life rather than character in isolation.
• Character remains important, but it is revealed through choices within the action.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect while Statement II is correct.
• Statement II is correct because tragedy primarily imitates action and life rather than character in isolation.
• Character remains important, but it is revealed through choices within the action.
• Therefore, Statement I is incorrect while Statement II is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Assertion: Aristotle prefers a probable impossibility to an improbable possibility in poetic construction.
Reason: Artistic credibility depends on coherence and persuasive probability within the represented action.
Reason: Artistic credibility depends on coherence and persuasive probability within the represented action.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because Aristotle allows impossible events when they are made convincing within the poem.
• The Reason is correct because poetic success depends on internal coherence, probability and necessity.
• A merely possible event can fail artistically if it appears unmotivated or unbelievable.
• The Reason directly explains the preference stated in the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because poetic success depends on internal coherence, probability and necessity.
• A merely possible event can fail artistically if it appears unmotivated or unbelievable.
• The Reason directly explains the preference stated in the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Match List I with List II.
List I:
1. Plot
2. Character
3. Thought
4. Diction
List II:
a. Verbal expression and arrangement of words
b. Reasoning, arguments and ideas expressed
c. Organization of incidents
d. Moral qualities revealed through choices
List I:
1. Plot
2. Character
3. Thought
4. Diction
List II:
a. Verbal expression and arrangement of words
b. Reasoning, arguments and ideas expressed
c. Organization of incidents
d. Moral qualities revealed through choices
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Plot corresponds to the organization of incidents in the action.
• Character corresponds to moral qualities revealed through choices and decisions.
• Thought corresponds to reasoning, arguments and ideas expressed in speech.
• Diction corresponds to verbal expression and the arrangement of words, so the correct code is 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a.
• Character corresponds to moral qualities revealed through choices and decisions.
• Thought corresponds to reasoning, arguments and ideas expressed in speech.
• Diction corresponds to verbal expression and the arrangement of words, so the correct code is 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Which sequence correctly orders the structural parts of a well-formed action?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A complete action has a beginning, middle and end.
• The beginning does not necessarily follow from a prior event but naturally leads to later events.
• The middle follows from earlier events and leads to further consequences.
• The end follows from the preceding action and brings the sequence to completion.
• The beginning does not necessarily follow from a prior event but naturally leads to later events.
• The middle follows from earlier events and leads to further consequences.
• The end follows from the preceding action and brings the sequence to completion.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Consider the following statements about catharsis:
1. It is associated with pity and fear.
2. It forms part of Aristotle's definition of tragedy.
3. Its exact meaning has generated sustained critical debate.
4. It means that tragedy should eliminate plot in favour of spectacle.
Which statements are correct?
1. It is associated with pity and fear.
2. It forms part of Aristotle's definition of tragedy.
3. Its exact meaning has generated sustained critical debate.
4. It means that tragedy should eliminate plot in favour of spectacle.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because catharsis is linked with the emotions of pity and fear.
• Statement 2 is correct because catharsis appears in Aristotle's definition of tragedy.
• Statement 3 is correct because scholars have interpreted it as purgation, purification, clarification and related processes.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because Aristotle gives plot primacy over spectacle; therefore 1, 2 and 3 only are correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because catharsis appears in Aristotle's definition of tragedy.
• Statement 3 is correct because scholars have interpreted it as purgation, purification, clarification and related processes.
• Statement 4 is incorrect because Aristotle gives plot primacy over spectacle; therefore 1, 2 and 3 only are correct.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Which statement about pity and fear is most consistent with Aristotle's theory?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Pity responds to suffering that appears undeserved or disproportionate.
• Fear arises when audiences recognize that similar misfortune could affect someone like themselves.
• A properly constructed plot evokes these emotions through action rather than depending solely on spectacle.
• Catharsis operates through pity and fear rather than requiring their exclusion.
• Fear arises when audiences recognize that similar misfortune could affect someone like themselves.
• A properly constructed plot evokes these emotions through action rather than depending solely on spectacle.
• Catharsis operates through pity and fear rather than requiring their exclusion.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Why does Aristotle call poetry more philosophical than history?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle contrasts poetry's concern with universals with history's concern with particulars.
• Poetry represents what a certain kind of person would probably or necessarily do in given circumstances.
• History records what particular individuals actually did.
• This gives poetry a philosophical reach without making it identical to abstract philosophy.
• Poetry represents what a certain kind of person would probably or necessarily do in given circumstances.
• History records what particular individuals actually did.
• This gives poetry a philosophical reach without making it identical to abstract philosophy.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Which of the following plots would Aristotle criticize as episodic?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle calls plots episodic when episodes follow one another without probability or necessity.
• Such plots lack causal unity and often appear mechanically assembled.
• Recognition, reversal and coherent contribution to a single action are marks of stronger plotting.
• The episodic plot is therefore structurally weaker than an organically connected plot.
• Such plots lack causal unity and often appear mechanically assembled.
• Recognition, reversal and coherent contribution to a single action are marks of stronger plotting.
• The episodic plot is therefore structurally weaker than an organically connected plot.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Which pair is correctly matched?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Thought concerns what characters prove, argue or express as general ideas.
• Melody is the musical element, especially connected with choral song.
• Spectacle is the visual dimension of performance.
• Character concerns moral disposition as revealed in choice, not the ordering of incidents.
• Melody is the musical element, especially connected with choral song.
• Spectacle is the visual dimension of performance.
• Character concerns moral disposition as revealed in choice, not the ordering of incidents.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hamartia does not mean deliberate villainy; it refers more accurately to an error or misjudgement.
• Peripeteia is reversal, and anagnorisis is recognition.
• Catharsis is associated with tragedy's operation through pity and fear.
• The incorrect match is therefore hamartia with deliberate villainy.
• Peripeteia is reversal, and anagnorisis is recognition.
• Catharsis is associated with tragedy's operation through pity and fear.
• The incorrect match is therefore hamartia with deliberate villainy.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
In comparing epic and tragedy, Aristotle observes that epic differs from tragedy chiefly because epic:
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Epic and tragedy both imitate serious actions.
• Epic normally presents action through narration, whereas tragedy presents it dramatically.
• Epic can encompass a broader temporal span and several simultaneous events more easily than staged tragedy.
• Epic still possesses plot, character, thought and diction.
• Epic normally presents action through narration, whereas tragedy presents it dramatically.
• Epic can encompass a broader temporal span and several simultaneous events more easily than staged tragedy.
• Epic still possesses plot, character, thought and diction.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
Why does Aristotle ultimately regard tragedy as superior to epic?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle argues that tragedy contains the major artistic elements available to epic.
• Tragedy additionally employs melody and spectacle in performance.
• Its more concentrated structure can produce the proper pleasure and emotional effect within a shorter compass.
• Epic can represent heroic action, so its subject matter is not the basis of tragedy's superiority.
• Tragedy additionally employs melody and spectacle in performance.
• Its more concentrated structure can produce the proper pleasure and emotional effect within a shorter compass.
• Epic can represent heroic action, so its subject matter is not the basis of tragedy's superiority.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Assertion: A tragedy may reveal character, but its primary object is action.
Reason: Happiness and misery are realized through actions, and the dramatic goal is a mode of activity rather than a mere quality.
Reason: Happiness and misery are realized through actions, and the dramatic goal is a mode of activity rather than a mere quality.
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because tragedy imitates an action rather than constructing a static portrait of personality.
• The Reason is correct because Aristotle connects happiness and misery with activity and action.
• Character matters through the choices that enter the plot.
• The Reason directly explains why action has priority over character.
• The Reason is correct because Aristotle connects happiness and misery with activity and action.
• Character matters through the choices that enter the plot.
• The Reason directly explains why action has priority over character.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
A playwright makes a messenger arrive with news intended to reassure the hero, but the news unexpectedly reveals the hero's identity and brings disaster closer. Which Aristotelian devices are most clearly combined?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The reassuring news produces a reversal because it leads toward the opposite result.
• The revelation of identity constitutes recognition or anagnorisis.
• Aristotle values the close combination of reversal and recognition when both emerge from the plot.
• The pattern recalls the messenger scene discussed in relation to Oedipus.
• The revelation of identity constitutes recognition or anagnorisis.
• Aristotle values the close combination of reversal and recognition when both emerge from the plot.
• The pattern recalls the messenger scene discussed in relation to Oedipus.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which integrated statement best represents Aristotle's ideal tragic construction?
Select an option first. / ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Aristotle's ideal tragedy has a unified and causally connected plot.
• Its central figure is morally intermediate and suffers a reversal through hamartia rather than pure wickedness.
• Reversal and recognition intensify pity and fear when they arise naturally from the action.
• The resulting structure produces the characteristic tragic effect associated with catharsis.
• Its central figure is morally intermediate and suffers a reversal through hamartia rather than pure wickedness.
• Reversal and recognition intensify pity and fear when they arise naturally from the action.
• The resulting structure produces the characteristic tragic effect associated with catharsis.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. An imitation of a serious, complete action of appropriate magnitude, enacted through embellished language and effecting catharsis through pity and fear సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: C. Plot సమాధానం: C.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: D. Narrative point of view సమాధానం: D.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: B. Emotionally attractive but least connected with the poet's art సమాధానం: B.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: D. An error or mistake that contributes to the hero's reversal of fortune సమాధానం: D.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: A. A reversal in the direction of the action సమాధానం: A.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: B. The movement from ignorance to knowledge సమాధానం: B.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: C. Reversal and recognition సమాధానం: C.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: D. Is morally intermediate and falls through hamartia సమాధానం: D.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: C. Every incident must contribute to one complete and causally connected action. సమాధానం: C.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: D. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct సమాధానం: D.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: D. Beginning → middle → end సమాధానం: D.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3 only సమాధానం: C.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: A. Pity arises at undeserved suffering, while fear arises through recognition of human likeness or vulnerability. సమాధానం: A.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. Poetry presents universal patterns of what may happen, whereas history records particular events. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: A. A plot in which incidents follow one another without probable or necessary causal connection సమాధానం: A.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: D. Thought — the capacity to state arguments and general truths సమాధానం: D.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: C. Hamartia — deliberate villainy సమాధానం: C.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: B. Uses narrative presentation and can extend over a greater length సమాధానం: B.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: B. Tragedy contains the elements of epic and achieves its effect with greater concentration, while also using melody and spectacle. సమాధానం: B.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: C. Peripeteia and anagnorisis సమాధానం: C.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: B. A unified action in which a morally intermediate hero's error leads through probable or necessary events to reversal, recognition and catharsis సమాధానం: B.