Please keep at least one language enabled. || కనీసం ఒక భాషను ఎంచుకోండి.
Question 1
ప్రశ్న 1
In Stuart Hall's theory, representation is best understood as:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hall defines representation as the production of meaning through language and signifying practices.
• Option A is correct because words, images and symbols organize how the world becomes intelligible.
• Representation does not simply copy a reality that already possesses fixed meanings.
• Cultural codes and historical contexts influence what representations communicate.
• Option A is correct because words, images and symbols organize how the world becomes intelligible.
• Representation does not simply copy a reality that already possesses fixed meanings.
• Cultural codes and historical contexts influence what representations communicate.
వివరణ:
Question 2
ప్రశ్న 2
According to Hall, meaning is primarily constructed through:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hall argues that meaning is constructed through representational systems.
• Option B is correct because signs become meaningful through shared concepts and cultural codes.
• Language mediates rather than merely labels an entirely pre-given world.
• Meanings may vary across societies and historical periods.
• Option B is correct because signs become meaningful through shared concepts and cultural codes.
• Language mediates rather than merely labels an entirely pre-given world.
• Meanings may vary across societies and historical periods.
వివరణ:
Question 3
ప్రశ్న 3
Which description best captures Hall's use of the term discourse?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Discourse organizes how a subject can be spoken about, understood and governed.
• Option C is correct because discourse includes statements, practices, institutions and rules of knowledge.
• Hall draws significantly on Foucauldian accounts of discourse and power.
• A discourse does not merely describe its object; it helps constitute the object as meaningful.
• Option C is correct because discourse includes statements, practices, institutions and rules of knowledge.
• Hall draws significantly on Foucauldian accounts of discourse and power.
• A discourse does not merely describe its object; it helps constitute the object as meaningful.
వివరణ:
Question 4
ప్రశ్న 4
Hall's account of cultural identity emphasizes that identity is:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hall treats identity as a process of becoming rather than a permanently fixed essence.
• Option D is correct because identities are shaped by history, culture, representation and power.
• Individuals and groups occupy changing social positions from which they identify themselves and others.
• This approach is especially important in Hall's discussions of diaspora, race and ethnicity.
• Option D is correct because identities are shaped by history, culture, representation and power.
• Individuals and groups occupy changing social positions from which they identify themselves and others.
• This approach is especially important in Hall's discussions of diaspora, race and ethnicity.
వివరణ:
Question 5
ప్రశ్న 5
In Hall's theory, articulation refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Articulation describes a connection that is made under specific historical conditions.
• Option A is correct because the linked elements do not possess an eternal or necessary unity.
• Class, race, gender, ideology and identity may be articulated together in changing ways.
• The concept helps Hall analyse social formations without reducing every relation to a single cause.
• Option A is correct because the linked elements do not possess an eternal or necessary unity.
• Class, race, gender, ideology and identity may be articulated together in changing ways.
• The concept helps Hall analyse social formations without reducing every relation to a single cause.
వివరణ:
Question 6
ప్రశ్న 6
In the encoding and decoding model, encoding refers to:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Encoding occurs when media producers organize events and ideas into meaningful signs and narratives.
• Option B is correct because production is shaped by professional routines, institutional structures and ideological assumptions.
• The encoded message may propose a preferred meaning.
• Encoding does not guarantee that every audience member will interpret the message in the intended way.
• Option B is correct because production is shaped by professional routines, institutional structures and ideological assumptions.
• The encoded message may propose a preferred meaning.
• Encoding does not guarantee that every audience member will interpret the message in the intended way.
వివరణ:
Question 7
ప్రశ్న 7
Decoding in Hall's communication model is the process by which:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Decoding is the interpretive activity through which audiences make meaning from media messages.
• Option C is correct because viewers or readers may use social knowledge and experience when interpreting a text.
• Decoding may align with, modify or reject the preferred meaning.
• Hall therefore challenges a simple model in which messages move unchanged from sender to receiver.
• Option C is correct because viewers or readers may use social knowledge and experience when interpreting a text.
• Decoding may align with, modify or reject the preferred meaning.
• Hall therefore challenges a simple model in which messages move unchanged from sender to receiver.
వివరణ:
Question 8
ప్రశ్న 8
A dominant-hegemonic reading occurs when an audience member:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A dominant-hegemonic reading accepts the preferred meaning offered by the media text.
• Option D is correct because the audience decodes within the same broad ideological code used in encoding.
• This does not mean that meaning is naturally fixed; it indicates alignment between production and reception.
• Negotiated and oppositional readings represent different relationships to the preferred code.
• Option D is correct because the audience decodes within the same broad ideological code used in encoding.
• This does not mean that meaning is naturally fixed; it indicates alignment between production and reception.
• Negotiated and oppositional readings represent different relationships to the preferred code.
వివరణ:
Question 9
ప్రశ్న 9
Which situation best illustrates a negotiated reading?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• A negotiated reading combines acceptance with modification or reservation.
• Option A is correct because the viewer accepts the general framework while adapting it to local experience.
• Dominant readings accept the preferred code more fully.
• Oppositional readings understand the preferred meaning but reject it from an alternative framework.
• Option A is correct because the viewer accepts the general framework while adapting it to local experience.
• Dominant readings accept the preferred code more fully.
• Oppositional readings understand the preferred meaning but reject it from an alternative framework.
వివరణ:
Question 10
ప్రశ్న 10
An oppositional reading is produced when an audience member:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• An oppositional reader recognizes the preferred meaning but rejects its ideological position.
• Option B is correct because the message is reinterpreted within an alternative or counter-hegemonic framework.
• This differs from simple misunderstanding because the preferred code is understood.
• Hall's model therefore gives audiences a significant but socially conditioned interpretive role.
• Option B is correct because the message is reinterpreted within an alternative or counter-hegemonic framework.
• This differs from simple misunderstanding because the preferred code is understood.
• Hall's model therefore gives audiences a significant but socially conditioned interpretive role.
వివరణ:
Question 11
ప్రశ్న 11
Hall's analysis of media power most strongly emphasizes that media institutions:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Media power works partly through selection, framing, repetition and the organization of preferred meanings.
• Option C is correct because institutions influence which representations become visible and authoritative.
• Hall does not claim that audiences are completely controlled.
• Media organizations are connected to broader political, economic and ideological relations.
• Option C is correct because institutions influence which representations become visible and authoritative.
• Hall does not claim that audiences are completely controlled.
• Media organizations are connected to broader political, economic and ideological relations.
వివరణ:
Question 12
ప్రశ్న 12
Which statement best distinguishes ethnicity from a biological theory of race in Hall's work?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hall rejects essentialist accounts that treat racial identities as natural and unchanging.
• Option D is correct because ethnicity draws attention to culture, history, language and positioning.
• Ethnic identities are internally diverse and subject to transformation.
• Representation plays a major role in constructing both racial and ethnic meanings.
• Option D is correct because ethnicity draws attention to culture, history, language and positioning.
• Ethnic identities are internally diverse and subject to transformation.
• Representation plays a major role in constructing both racial and ethnic meanings.
వివరణ:
Question 13
ప్రశ్న 13
Statement I: Hall argues that representation participates in producing social meaning.
Statement II: Hall regards language as a completely transparent channel that leaves reality unchanged.
Statement II: Hall regards language as a completely transparent channel that leaves reality unchanged.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because representation actively organizes social meanings.
• Statement II is incorrect because language mediates reality through concepts, signs and cultural codes.
• Hall rejects the notion that language simply transmits an untouched external truth.
• Therefore, option A correctly evaluates the two statements.
• Statement II is incorrect because language mediates reality through concepts, signs and cultural codes.
• Hall rejects the notion that language simply transmits an untouched external truth.
• Therefore, option A correctly evaluates the two statements.
వివరణ:
Question 14
ప్రశ్న 14
Statement I: Cultural identity may involve both continuity with the past and transformation in the present.
Statement II: Cultural identity is a finished essence located outside history.
Statement II: Cultural identity is a finished essence located outside history.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement I is correct because Hall recognizes shared histories while emphasizing ongoing change and positioning.
• Statement II is incorrect because identity is produced within history and representation.
• Hall's model avoids both complete discontinuity and fixed essentialism.
• Hence, option C is correct.
• Statement II is incorrect because identity is produced within history and representation.
• Hall's model avoids both complete discontinuity and fixed essentialism.
• Hence, option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 15
ప్రశ్న 15
Assertion: Encoding does not determine decoding in a mechanically guaranteed way.
Reason: Audiences occupy different social positions and may use different interpretive codes.
Reason: Audiences occupy different social positions and may use different interpretive codes.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is correct because the encoded preferred meaning does not automatically control reception.
• The Reason is correct because audiences interpret messages through different experiences, identities and codes.
• These social differences explain why dominant, negotiated and oppositional readings are possible.
• Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
• The Reason is correct because audiences interpret messages through different experiences, identities and codes.
• These social differences explain why dominant, negotiated and oppositional readings are possible.
• Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
వివరణ:
Question 16
ప్రశ్న 16
Assertion: An oppositional reading is simply an accidental failure to understand a media message.
Reason: An oppositional reader can understand the preferred code and deliberately reject its ideological position.
Reason: An oppositional reader can understand the preferred code and deliberately reject its ideological position.
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The Assertion is incorrect because oppositional decoding is not merely accidental confusion.
• The Reason is correct because the reader understands the preferred meaning but reconstructs it within a contrary framework.
• The distinction between comprehension and ideological agreement is central to Hall's model.
• Therefore, option D is correct.
• The Reason is correct because the reader understands the preferred meaning but reconstructs it within a contrary framework.
• The distinction between comprehension and ideological agreement is central to Hall's model.
• Therefore, option D is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 17
ప్రశ్న 17
Consider the following statements about Hall's encoding and decoding model:
1. Media production is shaped by institutional practices.
2. The preferred meaning always determines audience interpretation.
3. Audiences may produce negotiated readings.
4. Decoding is socially situated.
Which statements are correct?
1. Media production is shaped by institutional practices.
2. The preferred meaning always determines audience interpretation.
3. Audiences may produce negotiated readings.
4. Decoding is socially situated.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because encoding occurs within professional and institutional structures.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because preferred meanings are not guaranteed to control decoding.
• Statement 3 is correct because audiences may partly accept and partly modify a message.
• Statement 4 is correct because interpretation is shaped by social position and cultural knowledge.
• Therefore, option B is correct.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because preferred meanings are not guaranteed to control decoding.
• Statement 3 is correct because audiences may partly accept and partly modify a message.
• Statement 4 is correct because interpretation is shaped by social position and cultural knowledge.
• Therefore, option B is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 18
ప్రశ్న 18
Consider the following statements about representation:
1. Representations use signs and cultural codes.
2. Representations may produce stereotypes.
3. Representations are independent of power.
4. Representations help construct identities.
Which statements are correct?
1. Representations use signs and cultural codes.
2. Representations may produce stereotypes.
3. Representations are independent of power.
4. Representations help construct identities.
Which statements are correct?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct because representation operates through signs and codes.
• Statement 2 is correct because repeated simplified images may construct stereotypes.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because representation is closely connected with power and authority.
• Statement 4 is correct because identities are formed partly through available cultural images and narratives.
• Thus, option C is correct.
• Statement 2 is correct because repeated simplified images may construct stereotypes.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because representation is closely connected with power and authority.
• Statement 4 is correct because identities are formed partly through available cultural images and narratives.
• Thus, option C is correct.
వివరణ:
Question 19
ప్రశ్న 19
Match List I with List II:
List I
1. Dominant-hegemonic reading
2. Negotiated reading
3. Oppositional reading
4. Encoding
List II
I. Production of a message within institutional codes
II. Broad acceptance with partial modification
III. Acceptance of the preferred meaning
IV. Understanding followed by rejection of the preferred framework
List I
1. Dominant-hegemonic reading
2. Negotiated reading
3. Oppositional reading
4. Encoding
List II
I. Production of a message within institutional codes
II. Broad acceptance with partial modification
III. Acceptance of the preferred meaning
IV. Understanding followed by rejection of the preferred framework
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Dominant-hegemonic reading matches acceptance of the preferred meaning.
• Negotiated reading matches broad acceptance combined with partial modification.
• Oppositional reading matches understanding followed by rejection of the preferred framework.
• Encoding matches the production of a message within institutional and cultural codes.
• Therefore, option A gives the correct complete matching.
• Negotiated reading matches broad acceptance combined with partial modification.
• Oppositional reading matches understanding followed by rejection of the preferred framework.
• Encoding matches the production of a message within institutional and cultural codes.
• Therefore, option A gives the correct complete matching.
వివరణ:
Question 20
ప్రశ్న 20
Match List I with List II:
List I
1. Representation
2. Discourse
3. Articulation
4. Identity
List II
I. Historically produced positioning of subjects
II. Contingent connection between social elements
III. Production of meaning through signifying practices
IV. Organized system of knowledge and statements
List I
1. Representation
2. Discourse
3. Articulation
4. Identity
List II
I. Historically produced positioning of subjects
II. Contingent connection between social elements
III. Production of meaning through signifying practices
IV. Organized system of knowledge and statements
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Representation matches the production of meaning through signifying practices.
• Discourse matches an organized system of knowledge, statements and practices.
• Articulation matches a contingent connection between social elements.
• Identity matches the historically produced positioning of subjects.
• Hence, option B is the correct matching code.
• Discourse matches an organized system of knowledge, statements and practices.
• Articulation matches a contingent connection between social elements.
• Identity matches the historically produced positioning of subjects.
• Hence, option B is the correct matching code.
వివరణ:
Question 21
ప్రశ్న 21
A news report presents a protest mainly as a threat to public order. A viewer accepts that description of the event without questioning its framing. This is an example of:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• The report encodes a preferred interpretation that defines the protest as a threat.
• The viewer accepts this framing without substantial modification.
• Option C is correct because acceptance of the preferred code constitutes a dominant-hegemonic reading.
• A negotiated or oppositional reading would qualify or reject the report's framing.
• The viewer accepts this framing without substantial modification.
• Option C is correct because acceptance of the preferred code constitutes a dominant-hegemonic reading.
• A negotiated or oppositional reading would qualify or reject the report's framing.
వివరణ:
Question 22
ప్రశ్న 22
A television series repeatedly portrays one ethnic community as naturally criminal. Hall's approach would analyse this primarily as:
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hall examines how repeated images construct racial and ethnic meanings.
• Option D is correct because stereotyping reduces a diverse group to fixed and unequal characteristics.
• Such representations may support broader relations of exclusion and authority.
• They are culturally produced rather than neutral reflections of biological truth.
• Option D is correct because stereotyping reduces a diverse group to fixed and unequal characteristics.
• Such representations may support broader relations of exclusion and authority.
• They are culturally produced rather than neutral reflections of biological truth.
వివరణ:
Question 23
ప్రశ్న 23
Which correctly matched pair is most appropriate?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Articulation is correctly matched with a contingent historical connection.
• Discourse is intertwined with knowledge and power rather than existing outside them.
• Negotiated reading combines acceptance and modification rather than total rejection.
• Dominant-hegemonic reading involves alignment with the preferred code rather than accidental misunderstanding.
• Discourse is intertwined with knowledge and power rather than existing outside them.
• Negotiated reading combines acceptance and modification rather than total rejection.
• Dominant-hegemonic reading involves alignment with the preferred code rather than accidental misunderstanding.
వివరణ:
Question 24
ప్రశ్న 24
Which of the following is NOT consistent with Hall's theory of representation?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Hall argues that cultural codes shape the meanings attached to signs and objects.
• Option B is inconsistent because representation does not simply copy fixed and self-evident meanings.
• Language and media participate in constructing intelligible social realities.
• Representations also provide positions through which identities may be formed.
• Option B is inconsistent because representation does not simply copy fixed and self-evident meanings.
• Language and media participate in constructing intelligible social realities.
• Representations also provide positions through which identities may be formed.
వివరణ:
Question 25
ప్రశ్న 25
Which conclusion best integrates Hall's ideas about representation, identity and media power?
Select an option first. || ముందుగా ఒక సమాధానాన్ని ఎంచుకోండి.
Explanation:
• Media institutions encode preferred ways of understanding events, groups and identities.
• Representation is connected with power because it shapes visibility, classification and social knowledge.
• Audiences are active but socially situated interpreters who may accept, negotiate or reject preferred meanings.
• Option D best combines Hall's accounts of representation, identity, media power and decoding.
• Representation is connected with power because it shapes visibility, classification and social knowledge.
• Audiences are active but socially situated interpreters who may accept, negotiate or reject preferred meanings.
• Option D best combines Hall's accounts of representation, identity, media power and decoding.
వివరణ:
Answer Key సమాధానాల పట్టిక
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Question 1 ప్రశ్న 1Answer: A. The production and exchange of meaning through language, signs and images సమాధానం: A.
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Question 2 ప్రశ్న 2Answer: B. Shared systems of signs, concepts and cultural codes సమాధానం: B.
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Question 3 ప్రశ్న 3Answer: C. A system of statements and practices that produces knowledge about a subject సమాధానం: C.
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Question 4 ప్రశ్న 4Answer: D. Historically produced, positioned and continually transformed సమాధానం: D.
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Question 5 ప్రశ్న 5Answer: A. A contingent connection between elements that can be joined differently under other conditions సమాధానం: A.
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Question 6 ప్రశ్న 6Answer: B. The production of a media message within institutional and ideological frameworks సమాధానం: B.
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Question 7 ప్రశ్న 7Answer: C. Audiences interpret and make sense of encoded media messages సమాధానం: C.
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Question 8 ప్రశ్న 8Answer: D. Decodes the message largely within the preferred code in which it was produced సమాధానం: D.
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Question 9 ప్రశ్న 9Answer: A. A viewer accepts the general message but adapts part of it to personal circumstances సమాధానం: A.
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Question 10 ప్రశ్న 10Answer: B. Understands the preferred meaning but interprets the message through a contrary framework సమాధానం: B.
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Question 11 ప్రశ్న 11Answer: C. Help establish preferred frameworks through which events and identities are represented సమాధానం: C.
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Question 12 ప్రశ్న 12Answer: D. Ethnicity emphasizes historically formed cultural identification rather than natural racial essence సమాధానం: D.
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Question 13 ప్రశ్న 13Answer: A. Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect సమాధానం: A.
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Question 14 ప్రశ్న 14Answer: C. Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect సమాధానం: C.
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Question 15 ప్రశ్న 15Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion సమాధానం: A.
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Question 16 ప్రశ్న 16Answer: D. Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct సమాధానం: D.
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Question 17 ప్రశ్న 17Answer: B. 1, 3 and 4 only సమాధానం: B.
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Question 18 ప్రశ్న 18Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only సమాధానం: C.
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Question 19 ప్రశ్న 19Answer: A. 1-III, 2-II, 3-IV, 4-I సమాధానం: A.
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Question 20 ప్రశ్న 20Answer: B. 1-III, 2-IV, 3-II, 4-I సమాధానం: B.
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Question 21 ప్రశ్న 21Answer: C. A dominant-hegemonic reading సమాధానం: C.
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Question 22 ప్రశ్న 22Answer: D. A racialized representation that may reproduce power through stereotyping సమాధానం: D.
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Question 23 ప్రశ్న 23Answer: A. Articulation — contingent connection సమాధానం: A.
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Question 24 ప్రశ్న 24Answer: B. Representations simply copy fixed meanings already present in objects సమాధానం: B.
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Question 25 ప్రశ్న 25Answer: D. Media construct preferred meanings and identities, but audiences may negotiate or oppose them సమాధానం: D.